Hondros Nursing 212 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 | 100% Correct | Graded A+

Hondros Nursing 212 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 | 100% Correct | Graded A+. What are the differences of cancer in men than women? - Answer -More men than women die from cancer-related deaths each year. -Mortality rate from lung cancer is higher in men (26%.) -Cancer with the highest incidence among men is prostate cancer (19%.) -Men are more likely to develop liver cancer. -Head and neck cancers occur more often in men. What are the differences of cancer in women than men? - Answer -Cancer with the highest death rate among women is lung cancer (25%.) -Cancer with the highest incidence among women is breast cancer (30%.) -Thyroid cancer is more prevalent in women. -Women are less likely to have colon cancer screenings. What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade I Histologic rating? - Answer Cells differ slightly from normal cells (mild dysplasia) and are well differentiated (low grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade II Histologic rating? - Answer Cells are more abnormal (moderate dysplasia) and moderately differentiated (intermediate grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade III Histologic rating? - Answer Cells are very abnormal (severe dysplasia) and poorly differentiated (high grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade IV Histologic rating? - Answer Cells are immature, primitive (anaplasia), and undifferentiated; cell of origin is hard to determine (high grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade X Histologic rating? - Answer Grade cannot be assessed. What does a Stage 0 cancer indicate? - Answer Cancer in situ. What does a Stage I cancer indicate? - Answer Tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumor growth. What does a Stage II cancer indicate? - Answer Limited local spread. What does a Stage III cancer indicate? - Answer Extensive local and regional spread. What does a Stage IV cancer indicate? - Answer Metastasis (spread of the cancer to a distant site.) What should you teach patients and the public about cancer prevention and early detection? - Answer -Limit alcohol use. -Get regular physical activity (e.g., 30 minutes or more of moderate physical activity 5 times weekly.) -Maintain a normal body weight. Hondros Nursing 212 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 | 100% Correct | Graded A+ -Have regular physical examinations. -Obtain regular colorectal screenings. -Avoid cigarette smoking and other tobacco use. -Get regular mammography screening and Pap tests. -Be familiar with your own family history and risk factors for cancer. -Obtain adequate, consistent periods of rest (at least 6 to 8 hours per night.) -Use sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 15 or higher. Avoid the use of tanning beds. -Eliminate, reduce or change the perception of stressors and enhance the ability to effectively cope with stress. -Eat a balanced diet that includes vegetables and fresh fruits, whole grains, and adequate amounts of fiber. Reduce dietary fat and preservatives, including smoked and salt-cured meats with high nitrate concentrations. What are the warning signs of cancer? - Answer -Change in bowel or bladder habits. -A sore that does not heal. -Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice. -Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere. -Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. -Obvious change in a wart or mole. -Nagging cough or hoarseness. What are some problems caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy? - Answer -Hyperuricemia -Cardiotoxicity -Pericarditis and Myocarditis -Fatigue -Anorexia -Constipation -Diarrhea -Hepatotoxicty -Nausea and Vomiting -Stomatitis, Mucositis, and Esophagitis -Hemorrhagic Cystitis -Nephrotoxicity -Reproductive Problems -Anemia -Leukopenia -Thrombocytopenia -Alopecia -Chemotherapy-Induced Skin Changes -Radiation Skin Changes (dry to moist desquamation) -Cognitive Changes ("chemo brain") -Intracranial Pressure -Peripheral Neuropathy -Pneumonitis What are some examples of oncologic emergencies? - Answer -Spinal Cord Compression -Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS) -Third Space Syndrome -Hypercalcemia -Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) -Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) -Cardiac Tamponade -Carotid Artery Rupture What are the manifestations of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome? - Answer -Facial edema, periorbital edema -Distention of veins of head, neck, and chest -Headache- seizures -Mediastinal mass on chest x-ray What are factors that affect how patients cope with cancer? - Answer -Ability to cope with stressful events in the past. -Ability to express feelings and concerns. -Age at the time of diagnosis. -Attitude associated with the cancer. -Availability of significant other. -Disruption of body image. -Extent of disease. -Past experiences with cancer. -Symptoms. In the TNM Classification System, what does TX indicate? - Answer Tumor cannot be measured. In the TNM Classification System, what does T0 indicate? - Answer No evidence of primary tumor (tumor cannot be found.) In the TNM Classification System, what does Tis indicate? - Answer Tumor in situ, meaning only malignant cells only within superficial layer of tissue; no extension into deeper tissue. In the TNM Classification System, what does T1/T2/T3/T4 indicate? - Answer A description of primary tumor based on size and/or invasion into nearby structures; the higher the T number, the larger the tumor and/or the more it has grown into nearby tissues. In the TNM Classification System, what does NX indicate? - Answer Nearby lymph nodes cannot be evaluated. In the TNM Classification System, what does N0 indicate? - Answer No evidence of cancer cells in regional lymph nodes. In the TNM Classification System, what does N1/N2/N3 indicate? - Answer A description of size, location, and/or number of lymph nodes involved; the higher the N number, the more extensive the lymph node involvement. In the TNM Classification System, what does MX indicate? - Answer Metastasis cannot be evaluated. In the TNM Classification System, what does M0 indicate? - Answer No evidence of metastasis can be found. In the TNM Classification System, what does M1/M2/M3/M4 indicate? - Answer A description of extent of metastasis; the higher the M number, the more extensive the metastasis. What is palliative care? - Answer A holistic approach to care or treatment that focuses on reducing the severity of disease symptoms, rather than trying to delay or reverse the progression of the disease itself or provide a cure. What are the goals of palliative care? - Answer -Regard dying as a normal process. -Provide relief from symptoms, including pain. -Affirm life and neither hasten nor postpone death. -Support holistic patient care and enhance quality of life. -Offer support to patients to live as actively as possible until death. -Offer support to the family during the patient's illness and in their own bereavement. What are the main goals of hospice care? - Answer To assist the patient to live as fully and comfortably as possible while dying with dignity.