NYSTCE: Educating All Students (EAS) Exam
Behaviorism
people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid punishments.
Reinforcement
meant to increase a good behavior; a reward
Punishment
meant to decrease bad behavior
Positive reinforcement
involves giving someone something that he or she wants
Negative reinforcement
taking away something that someone does not want
Positive punishment
involves giving someone something that he or she does not want
Negative punishment
involves taking away something that someone does want
Extinction
decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing reinforcement of the
behavior; like a reset button
Constructivism
a philosophy of education that says that people construct knowledge through their
experiences and interactions with the world
Social learning
learning through interactions with other people
Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development
people learn best from other people who are just a little ahead of them
Project-based learning (PBL)
focuses on giving an open-ended question and complex problem to a group of students
and having them figure out the best solution to the problem
4 Steps to PBL
1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop theories to explain the
problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with solutions; 4. Regroup to
compare solutions and develop a plan.
, Critical Theory
a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view of society
Critical theory in education
is about questioning how our educational system can best offer education to all people
Problems with access to technology
poorer schools can have a harder time getting technology in the hands of their students;
poor students have lower technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students.
Humanism
a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, has
at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their ultimate potential.
Self-Directed Learning
involves students learning what they want and need to learn, not what the teacher
arbitrarily decides is important.
Extrinsic motivators
things outside of a person that motivate them to do something.
Self-evaluation
thoughtful assessment of one's own work
lifelong learners
people who continue to learn even after they leave school
Learning
involves storing and accessing information in memory
information processing theory of learning
information from the world around us moves from sensory storage to working memory
to long-term memory
working memory
storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in the past
long-term memory
memories that are stored for a person to access later
cognitive load
having too much information in working memory and not being able to remember
anything
chunking
grouping information together to help remember it
Behaviorism
people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid punishments.
Reinforcement
meant to increase a good behavior; a reward
Punishment
meant to decrease bad behavior
Positive reinforcement
involves giving someone something that he or she wants
Negative reinforcement
taking away something that someone does not want
Positive punishment
involves giving someone something that he or she does not want
Negative punishment
involves taking away something that someone does want
Extinction
decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing reinforcement of the
behavior; like a reset button
Constructivism
a philosophy of education that says that people construct knowledge through their
experiences and interactions with the world
Social learning
learning through interactions with other people
Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development
people learn best from other people who are just a little ahead of them
Project-based learning (PBL)
focuses on giving an open-ended question and complex problem to a group of students
and having them figure out the best solution to the problem
4 Steps to PBL
1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop theories to explain the
problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with solutions; 4. Regroup to
compare solutions and develop a plan.
, Critical Theory
a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view of society
Critical theory in education
is about questioning how our educational system can best offer education to all people
Problems with access to technology
poorer schools can have a harder time getting technology in the hands of their students;
poor students have lower technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students.
Humanism
a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, has
at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their ultimate potential.
Self-Directed Learning
involves students learning what they want and need to learn, not what the teacher
arbitrarily decides is important.
Extrinsic motivators
things outside of a person that motivate them to do something.
Self-evaluation
thoughtful assessment of one's own work
lifelong learners
people who continue to learn even after they leave school
Learning
involves storing and accessing information in memory
information processing theory of learning
information from the world around us moves from sensory storage to working memory
to long-term memory
working memory
storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in the past
long-term memory
memories that are stored for a person to access later
cognitive load
having too much information in working memory and not being able to remember
anything
chunking
grouping information together to help remember it
