msn 570 verified exam test 2024/2025

msn 570 verified exam test 2024/2025 Diabetes Mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER-Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by either lack of insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity of the tissues to insulin. insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-causes rapid uptake, storage, and use of glucose by almost all tissues of the body (with exception to the brain). Insulin plays an important role in storing the excess energy. In the case of excess carbohydrates, insulin causes them to be stored as ______________ mainly in the _________________ and _______________. - CORRECT ANSWER-In the case of excess carbohydrates, insulin causes them to be stored as glycogen mainly in the liver and muscle. Excess carbohydrates that cannot be stored as glycogen are converted under the stimulus of insulin into _____________ and stored in ___________________. - CORRECT ANSWER-fats, adipose tissue When insulin binds to the membrane receptor, it increases transportation of what into the cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-glucose Additionally, the cell membrane becomes more permeable to many of the amino acids, potassium ions, and phosphate ions, causing increased transport of these substances into the cell. glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER-hormone secreted when the blood glucose concentration falls, most important of these is to increase the blood glucose concentration, an effect that is exactly the opposite of insulin. Glucagon can elevate the blood glucose concentration by 25% in about 20 minutes and therefore is called the hyperglycemic hormone. what are the major effects of glucagon on glucose metabolism? - CORRECT ANSWERMajor effects of glucagon on glucose metabolism are (1) glycogenolysis (breakdown of liver glycogen) and (2) increased gluconeogenesis (generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates). glycogenolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-breakdown of liver glycogen gluconeogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER-generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates A fasting blood glucose above this value often indicates diabetes mellitus or at least marked insulin resistance. - CORRECT ANSWER-A fasting blood glucose (early morning) 110 mg/100 mL is the upper limit of normal. islets of Langerhans - CORRECT ANSWER-cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ what are the 3 major cells types of the islets of Langerhans and what do they secrete? - CORRECT ANSWER-alpha (25%) - secrete glucagon beta (60%) - secrete insulin delta (10%) - secrete somatostatin somatostatin - CORRECT ANSWER-Somatostatin depresses the secretion of both insulin and glucagon, decreases the motility of the stomach, duodenum, and gallbladder, and decreases both secretion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The principal role is to extend the period over which the food nutrients are assimilated into the blood and decrease the utilization of the absorbed nutrients by the tissues, thus preventing rapid exhaustion of the food. Type 1 Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER-Deficiency of Insulin Production by Beta Cells of the Pancreas Also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by lack of insulin secretion injury to the beta cells of the pancreas (viral infection / autoimmune disorders) impair insulin production. The cause of T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas is unknown, although environmental triggers such as viruses, drugs, or chemicals may initiate the autoimmune process in genetically susceptible hosts. Production of antibodies to beta cell antigens with loss of beta cell function precedes the onset of clinical diabetes The lack of insulin decreases the efficiency of peripheral glucose utilization and augments glucose production, raising plasma glucose to 300-1200 mg/100 mL. The increased plasma glucose has multiple effects