Nursing fundamentals: Final Study guide A+
l
Nursing fundamentals: Final Study guide A+
1. Definition of Nursing:
-To promote better health, prevention of illness, collaborative care. Patient is the
central focus of all definitions. Includes: physical, emotional, social, and spiritual
dimensions. NURSING IS AN ART AND SCIENCE!!!
2. Aims of Nursing- {4 aims} promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and
facilitate coping with death and disability.
3. The 4 aims of nursing interrelate by the nurse using: cognitive, technical,
interpersonal, ethical/legal abilities or skills.
4. Nurse Role: [health and illness]: Nurses emphasize health promotion activities,
wellness-enhancing strategies, and illness prevention activities as important
forms of health care because they assist patients in maintaining and improving
health.
5. The Nursing Process:
-Assessment: collecting comprehensive data about the clients health
-Diagnosis: analyze the assessment data to determine the dx or issue
-Planning: develop a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain
expected outcomes
-Implementation: implements the identified plan
-Evaluation-evaluate progress
6. Benner’s stages of Nursing proficiency:
–Novice” has no prior experience”
–Advanced beginner” new graduation working at his or her first nursing
Job”
–Competent “develops within 2-3 years of experience on the same job”
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, Nursing fundamentals: Final Study guide A+
–Proficient “ Holistic “This nurse has learned from experiences what to
expect in certain situations and how to modify plans”
–Expert “The Expert operates from a deep understanding of the total
situation” uses intuitive grasp of each situation.
7. Historical Perspective/ Pre- Civilization
•Belief that good and evil spirits bring health or illness
•Physician as medicine man: a member of an indigeneous society who is
knowledgeable about the magical and chemical protencies of various substances
and skilled in the rituals through which they are administered.
•Early Christian period: {nursing has formal and more clearly defined role;
deaconesses made visits to the sick during this period[ + leadership. women
made the first visits to sick people, male gave nursing care and buried the dead.
Nursing became a respected vocation
•Temple and church are used for patients’ care
•Characteristic of the 16th century: shift from a religious orientation to an
emphasis on warfare, exploration, and expansion of knowledge during this time
period. Nursing had a poor reputation; nurses received low pay and worked long
hours in unfavorable conditions during this time period.
•Historical Perspective/World War II: large numbers of women worked outside the
home and became more independent and assertive. Explosion in medicine and
technology broadened the role of nurses. Growth of nursing as a professional
discipline.
•Florence Nightingale: founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale
established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and
restoration. Also wrote books about health care and nursing education.
Challenged prejudice against women and elevated the status of all nurses.
8. What are the Models of Health and Illness?
• Health Belief Model (Rosenstoch's 1974)
–Addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and
Behaviors
• Health Promotion Model (Pender)
2|Page
, Nursing fundamentals: Final Study guide A+
–Directed at increasing a patient’s level of well-being
9. Healthy People 2020 Goals
Looking at the goals, How do you see your role as a nurse?
-Attain high-quality longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death
-Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
-Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
-Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all
stages
10. Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness Prevention
a. Immunization Programs
b. Routine Exercise, Good Nutrition
c. Physical Awareness Stress management, Self-responsibility
11. Levels of Preventative Care
• Primary Prevention
–True prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will
Develop
• Secondary Prevention
–Focuses on those who have health problems or illnesses
and are at risk for developing complications or worsening
Conditions
• Tertiary Prevention
–Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or
Irreversible
12. What is Illness:
•A state in which a person’s physical, emotional,
intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
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, Nursing fundamentals: Final Study guide A+
functioning is diminished or impaired
•Acute Illness
–Short duration and severe
•Chronic Illness
–Persists longer than 6 months
13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
-step 1: Physiological Needs: Includes the need for air, water, food, and sex
-step 2: Safety Needs: Includes the need for safety, order, and freedom from fear
or threat
-step 3: Love & Belonging: love, affection, feelings of belonging, and human
contact
-step 4: Esteem Needs: self-respect, self-esteem, achievement, and respect from
others
-step 5: Self-Actualization Needs: need to grow, to feel fulfilled, to realize one’s
potential
14. Vital Signs (know all the CONTRAINDICATIONS for all vital signs)
- Temperature: [normal: 96.8-100.4] but average is 98.6
- Oral: 96.8-100.4 [average 98.6]
- Rectal: ⇡1 degree higher [99.6]
- Temporal: ⇡higher [99.6]
- Axillary: ⇣lower 0.9-1 [97.6]
- Tympanic: 98.6 [same as oral]
*Pulse [average 60-100 bpm] in adults
-abnormalities:
bradycardia [pulse < 60 bpm]
tachycardia [pulse > 100 bpm]
4|Page
l
Nursing fundamentals: Final Study guide A+
1. Definition of Nursing:
-To promote better health, prevention of illness, collaborative care. Patient is the
central focus of all definitions. Includes: physical, emotional, social, and spiritual
dimensions. NURSING IS AN ART AND SCIENCE!!!
2. Aims of Nursing- {4 aims} promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and
facilitate coping with death and disability.
3. The 4 aims of nursing interrelate by the nurse using: cognitive, technical,
interpersonal, ethical/legal abilities or skills.
4. Nurse Role: [health and illness]: Nurses emphasize health promotion activities,
wellness-enhancing strategies, and illness prevention activities as important
forms of health care because they assist patients in maintaining and improving
health.
5. The Nursing Process:
-Assessment: collecting comprehensive data about the clients health
-Diagnosis: analyze the assessment data to determine the dx or issue
-Planning: develop a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain
expected outcomes
-Implementation: implements the identified plan
-Evaluation-evaluate progress
6. Benner’s stages of Nursing proficiency:
–Novice” has no prior experience”
–Advanced beginner” new graduation working at his or her first nursing
Job”
–Competent “develops within 2-3 years of experience on the same job”
1|Page
, Nursing fundamentals: Final Study guide A+
–Proficient “ Holistic “This nurse has learned from experiences what to
expect in certain situations and how to modify plans”
–Expert “The Expert operates from a deep understanding of the total
situation” uses intuitive grasp of each situation.
7. Historical Perspective/ Pre- Civilization
•Belief that good and evil spirits bring health or illness
•Physician as medicine man: a member of an indigeneous society who is
knowledgeable about the magical and chemical protencies of various substances
and skilled in the rituals through which they are administered.
•Early Christian period: {nursing has formal and more clearly defined role;
deaconesses made visits to the sick during this period[ + leadership. women
made the first visits to sick people, male gave nursing care and buried the dead.
Nursing became a respected vocation
•Temple and church are used for patients’ care
•Characteristic of the 16th century: shift from a religious orientation to an
emphasis on warfare, exploration, and expansion of knowledge during this time
period. Nursing had a poor reputation; nurses received low pay and worked long
hours in unfavorable conditions during this time period.
•Historical Perspective/World War II: large numbers of women worked outside the
home and became more independent and assertive. Explosion in medicine and
technology broadened the role of nurses. Growth of nursing as a professional
discipline.
•Florence Nightingale: founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale
established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and
restoration. Also wrote books about health care and nursing education.
Challenged prejudice against women and elevated the status of all nurses.
8. What are the Models of Health and Illness?
• Health Belief Model (Rosenstoch's 1974)
–Addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and
Behaviors
• Health Promotion Model (Pender)
2|Page
, Nursing fundamentals: Final Study guide A+
–Directed at increasing a patient’s level of well-being
9. Healthy People 2020 Goals
Looking at the goals, How do you see your role as a nurse?
-Attain high-quality longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death
-Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
-Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
-Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all
stages
10. Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness Prevention
a. Immunization Programs
b. Routine Exercise, Good Nutrition
c. Physical Awareness Stress management, Self-responsibility
11. Levels of Preventative Care
• Primary Prevention
–True prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will
Develop
• Secondary Prevention
–Focuses on those who have health problems or illnesses
and are at risk for developing complications or worsening
Conditions
• Tertiary Prevention
–Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or
Irreversible
12. What is Illness:
•A state in which a person’s physical, emotional,
intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
3|Page
, Nursing fundamentals: Final Study guide A+
functioning is diminished or impaired
•Acute Illness
–Short duration and severe
•Chronic Illness
–Persists longer than 6 months
13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
-step 1: Physiological Needs: Includes the need for air, water, food, and sex
-step 2: Safety Needs: Includes the need for safety, order, and freedom from fear
or threat
-step 3: Love & Belonging: love, affection, feelings of belonging, and human
contact
-step 4: Esteem Needs: self-respect, self-esteem, achievement, and respect from
others
-step 5: Self-Actualization Needs: need to grow, to feel fulfilled, to realize one’s
potential
14. Vital Signs (know all the CONTRAINDICATIONS for all vital signs)
- Temperature: [normal: 96.8-100.4] but average is 98.6
- Oral: 96.8-100.4 [average 98.6]
- Rectal: ⇡1 degree higher [99.6]
- Temporal: ⇡higher [99.6]
- Axillary: ⇣lower 0.9-1 [97.6]
- Tympanic: 98.6 [same as oral]
*Pulse [average 60-100 bpm] in adults
-abnormalities:
bradycardia [pulse < 60 bpm]
tachycardia [pulse > 100 bpm]
4|Page
