Comprehensive CPCE Exam Questions
and Answers.
Empirically validated Treatment or Empirically Supported treatment -
When counselors do integrate research into practice.
Correlation -
Correlation is simply an association. It is not the same as causality. The correlation between
people who have an umbrella open and rain is very high, but opening your umbrella does not
cause it to rain.
Three types of correlations -
Go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero means no correlation while positive 1 and negative 1
are perfect correlations. A negative .5 is not higher than a correlation of -.5 In fact, a correlation
of -.8 is stronger than a correlation of .5.
A positive correlation: when x goes up, y goes up. For example, when you study more, your
GPA goes up.
A negative correlation: when x goes up y goes down. For example, the more you brush your
teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities.
Quantitative research -
when one quanitifes or measures things. It yields numbers.
Qualitative research -
When does research does not use numberical data
Bubbles -
When research has flaws
What is a true experiment? -
Two or more groups are udes.
What is random sampling? -
People are picked randomly and placed in groups using random assignment.
Systematic sampling -
where every nth person is chosen can also be used howere, researchers stillprefer random
sampling and random assignment
What is quasi-experimental research? -
When the groups are not picked at random or the researcher cannot control the IV then it is a
quasi rather than a true experiment. quasi-experimental research does not ensure causality.
What is the independent variable -
,The experimental group gets the IV and it is known as the experimental variable.
what is the DV or dependent variable? -
the outcome data in the study is called the DV. If we want to see if eating carrots raises one's IQ
then eating carrots is the IV while the IQ scores at the end of the study would be the DV.
Type I alpha error -
When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true.
Type II beta error -
When a research accepts null when it should have been rejected.
What is significance levels in social science? -
.05 or less (.01 to .001) The signifcance level gives you the probability of a type 1 error.
N=1 -
a single subject design or case study and thus does not rely on IV, DV, control group, ect. Case
studies are becoming more popular.
Demand characteristics -
evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding what the researcher deires or does not
desire that influence their behavior. This can counfound an experiment rendering the research
inaccurate.
An obtrustive or a reactive measure -
if subjects know they are being observed. Observers' presence can influence subject's behavior
rather than merely the experimental variable or treatment modality.
Unobtrusive measure -
When subjects are not aware that they are being measured.
Internal vailidty -
when an experimental has few flaws and thus findings are accurate. The IV caused the changes
in the DV, not some other factor (known as confounding extraneous variables or artifacts). When
internal vaility is low the researcher didn't measure what he thought he measured.
External validity -
it is high when the results in a study can be generalized to other settings.
A t test -
a popular parametric test for comparing two means.
ANOVA or analysis of variance -
Also called a one-way ANOVA. used when you have two or means to compare. The t test and
the ANOVA are parametric measures for normally distributed populations. The ANOVA
provides F values and the F test will tell you if significant differences are present.
, MANOVA -
Used when you are investigating more than one DV>
A factorail analysis of variance -
When you are investigating more than one IV/experimental variable (if you have two IVs it
would be called a two-way ANOVA three IVs a three way ANOVA.)
Chi square -
if the population is not necessarily normal then this nonparametric test is used. or a Kruskal-
wallace can be used.
Ex post facto or causal comparative design -
if the researcher did not manipulate the variable and you are looing at after the fact data, the the
research is not a true experiment.
Descriptive statistics -
statistics that describe central tendency like the mean, median, the mode, the range, quartiles, the
variance and the standard deviation.
Statistical analyses -
include correlation, coefficients, t tests, ANOVAs, Analusis of Covariance, Chi square, Krushal
Wallis
Cohort studies -
examine a group of people who have something in common
Longitudinal research -
tkaes place when the same individuals are evaluated over a period of time.
Cross-sectional research -
Relies on observation or data from a given point in time.
Formative evaluation -
takes place during treatmetn or while a program is going on while summative or outcomes
evaluations occurs at the end of a program or treatment (e.g. after the final session of counseling)
Between groups design -
Uses different subjects in the different groups (e.g. one group of subjects for the control group
and another group of subjects for the experimental group)
Within groups repeated measures design -
uses the same subjects for the control condition and then at a different time for the
IV/experimental conditions.
Scope of practice -
and Answers.
Empirically validated Treatment or Empirically Supported treatment -
When counselors do integrate research into practice.
Correlation -
Correlation is simply an association. It is not the same as causality. The correlation between
people who have an umbrella open and rain is very high, but opening your umbrella does not
cause it to rain.
Three types of correlations -
Go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero means no correlation while positive 1 and negative 1
are perfect correlations. A negative .5 is not higher than a correlation of -.5 In fact, a correlation
of -.8 is stronger than a correlation of .5.
A positive correlation: when x goes up, y goes up. For example, when you study more, your
GPA goes up.
A negative correlation: when x goes up y goes down. For example, the more you brush your
teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities.
Quantitative research -
when one quanitifes or measures things. It yields numbers.
Qualitative research -
When does research does not use numberical data
Bubbles -
When research has flaws
What is a true experiment? -
Two or more groups are udes.
What is random sampling? -
People are picked randomly and placed in groups using random assignment.
Systematic sampling -
where every nth person is chosen can also be used howere, researchers stillprefer random
sampling and random assignment
What is quasi-experimental research? -
When the groups are not picked at random or the researcher cannot control the IV then it is a
quasi rather than a true experiment. quasi-experimental research does not ensure causality.
What is the independent variable -
,The experimental group gets the IV and it is known as the experimental variable.
what is the DV or dependent variable? -
the outcome data in the study is called the DV. If we want to see if eating carrots raises one's IQ
then eating carrots is the IV while the IQ scores at the end of the study would be the DV.
Type I alpha error -
When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true.
Type II beta error -
When a research accepts null when it should have been rejected.
What is significance levels in social science? -
.05 or less (.01 to .001) The signifcance level gives you the probability of a type 1 error.
N=1 -
a single subject design or case study and thus does not rely on IV, DV, control group, ect. Case
studies are becoming more popular.
Demand characteristics -
evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding what the researcher deires or does not
desire that influence their behavior. This can counfound an experiment rendering the research
inaccurate.
An obtrustive or a reactive measure -
if subjects know they are being observed. Observers' presence can influence subject's behavior
rather than merely the experimental variable or treatment modality.
Unobtrusive measure -
When subjects are not aware that they are being measured.
Internal vailidty -
when an experimental has few flaws and thus findings are accurate. The IV caused the changes
in the DV, not some other factor (known as confounding extraneous variables or artifacts). When
internal vaility is low the researcher didn't measure what he thought he measured.
External validity -
it is high when the results in a study can be generalized to other settings.
A t test -
a popular parametric test for comparing two means.
ANOVA or analysis of variance -
Also called a one-way ANOVA. used when you have two or means to compare. The t test and
the ANOVA are parametric measures for normally distributed populations. The ANOVA
provides F values and the F test will tell you if significant differences are present.
, MANOVA -
Used when you are investigating more than one DV>
A factorail analysis of variance -
When you are investigating more than one IV/experimental variable (if you have two IVs it
would be called a two-way ANOVA three IVs a three way ANOVA.)
Chi square -
if the population is not necessarily normal then this nonparametric test is used. or a Kruskal-
wallace can be used.
Ex post facto or causal comparative design -
if the researcher did not manipulate the variable and you are looing at after the fact data, the the
research is not a true experiment.
Descriptive statistics -
statistics that describe central tendency like the mean, median, the mode, the range, quartiles, the
variance and the standard deviation.
Statistical analyses -
include correlation, coefficients, t tests, ANOVAs, Analusis of Covariance, Chi square, Krushal
Wallis
Cohort studies -
examine a group of people who have something in common
Longitudinal research -
tkaes place when the same individuals are evaluated over a period of time.
Cross-sectional research -
Relies on observation or data from a given point in time.
Formative evaluation -
takes place during treatmetn or while a program is going on while summative or outcomes
evaluations occurs at the end of a program or treatment (e.g. after the final session of counseling)
Between groups design -
Uses different subjects in the different groups (e.g. one group of subjects for the control group
and another group of subjects for the experimental group)
Within groups repeated measures design -
uses the same subjects for the control condition and then at a different time for the
IV/experimental conditions.
Scope of practice -
