BIOS 255N A&P III Final exam review-Study Guide-Anatomy and Physiology III with Lab, Chamberlain.

1


A&P III
Final Exam Study Guide
Dean Samaan

Chapter 19
Blood
 Formed Elements
o RBCs
o WBCs
o Platelets
 Hemoglobin –
o Protein, which is used to carry O2 to tissue and approximately 20% of
CO2 back to the lungs.
o Each Hemoglobin molecule can contain 4 “Heme” (iron) Ions which
allow each hemoglobin molecule to bind with up to 4 O2 molecules.
o Nitric Acid (NO) can bind to Hemoglobin, when released triggers
Vasodilation. Increases Blood flow.
 Centrifuge of Blood
o Top – Plasma – 55%
o Middle (BUFFY COAT) – Platelets & WBC
o Bottom – RBC – 45%
 Functions of Blood
o Transportation
 O2
 CO2
 Hormones (from Endocrine Glands)
 Heat
 Waste (for Elimination)
 Nutrients (from GI Tract)
o Protection
 Immune Response (WBC)
 Macrophages (Phagocytosis)
 Globulin
 Blood Clotting – Fibrinogen - Hemostasis
 Against Disease
 Antibodies
 Interferons
 Complement System
o Regulation
 PH (Buffers)
 HCO3 –Bicarb Buffer
 H+ - - Hydrogen
 Body Temp
 Osmotic Pressure
 H2O content of cells.

 Hemopoiesis – Production of ALL blood cells.

, 2


Erythrocytes – RBCs
 Transport of O2 & CO2
 No Nucleus
 No Organelles (Once mature)
 Biconcave Disk
 Live for Days/weeks
 Dead RBC go to the Liver/Spleen ->Macrophages break
down (recycle)-> Heme & Globulin -> Iron (from
Heme) & Amino Acids (from Globulin)
o Erythropoiesis – Production of RBC
 Occurs in Red Bone Marrow
 Produces Reticulocytes (immature RBC) which
circulate in blood for 1-2 days before maturing into
RBC
o Erythropoietin – A hormone releases by the Kidneys in response to
Hypoxia (low O2 levels) to stimulate Erythropoiesis.
o Hematocrit - % of total blood occupied by RBC.
 42% in Women
 47% in Men
 Anemia – Low RBC count
 Polycythemia – High RBC count
o Increased Viscosity
o Increased Resistance
o Decreased Flow
Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)
o Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O to Carbonic
Acid
o Carbonic Acid then dissociates into H+ and HCO3 (reversible reaction)
o Reaction allows up to 80% of CO2 to be transported in blood plasma to
the lungs as HCO3-
o Reaction also serves as a buffer in extracellular fluid

CO2 +H2O H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid) H+ + HCO3- (Bicarbonate Ions)
Leukocytes – WBC
o Has a Nucleus
o Has Organelles
o No Hemoglobin
o Can live for years

, 3


WBC Function
Granular Neutrophil Phagocytosis
Eosinophil Combats Histamine,
Phagocytize antigen-antibody
complexes, Destroys certain
parasitic worms.
Basophil Liberates Heparin, and Serotonin
in allergic reactions that intensify
inflammatory response.
Agranular Lymphocytes B-Cells Develop into plasma cells which
secrete antibodies.
T-Cells Attack invading viruses, cancer
cells and transplant tissue.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells Attack a wide variety of
infectious microbes & certain
spontaneously arising tumors.
Agranular Monocytes Phagocytosis


 Emigration / Diapedesis
o Leukocytes leaving the blood to accumulate at the site of invasion
 Leukocytosis
o Normal response to stress which causes an increase in WBC
 Leukopenia
o Abnormally low levels of WBC caused by radiation, shock or
chemotherapy

Thrombocytes – Platelets
 Live for 5-9 Days
 Used for blood clotting
 Mature from Megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

 Thrombopoiesis – Platelet production

 Hemostasis – Prevent blood loss
o Vascular Spasm
 Contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels to
close wound and prevent wound
 Lasts seconds to hours
o Platelet plug formation
o Blood clotting (Coagulation)
 Extrinsic Pathways
 Intrinsic Pathways
 Common Pathways
 Vitamin K – Required for synthesis of 4 different clotting factors
o Is fat soluble

, 4


 Clotting factors
o Calcium (Ca2) ions activate enzymes that are synthesized by
hepatocytes and released into the bloodstream.
o Molecules associated with platelets or released by damaged tissue
o Roman numerals from I-VIII (1-13)

 Plasmin (Fibrinolysin)
o Fibrinolysis is the process where small clots are dissolved
into the blood.
o Plasmin activates the inactive plasma enzyme, Plasminogen
which is incorporated into the clot when the clot is formed.


Plasma
o 90% water
o Proteins – made by Hepatocytes (Liver Cells)
o Albumin
 54%
 Maintaining Osmotic Pressure
o Globulin
 38%
 Pressure Immune response
o Fibrinogen
 7%
 Clotting
o Solutes
o Electrolytes
o Nutrients
o Waste Products
o Gasses
o Regulatory Substances
o Antibodies

Blood Osmotic Pressure
o Influences the water content of cells, through interactions of dissolved
ions and proteins