1.1 Introduction
Globalization means the process of connecting actors at multi-continental distances,
mediated by a multitude of flows including individuals, data and thoughts, capital and
products (Clark, 2000). It is a method that erodes domestic borders and integrates
domestic economies, cultures, techniques and governance and produces complex
relations of mutual interdependence (Norris, 2000). There is little doubt that globalization
has generated significant gains at the worldwide stage for many commentators, especially
economists (Bhagwati 2004). Globalization is also viewed at the same moment as
generating fresh threats: to people, societies and ecosystems. There are concerns that this
could exacerbate the divide between wealthy and poor— both within and across countries
— and create fresh threats to human safety in terms of financial volatility, political and
cultural insecurity and degradation of the environment. In other words, the beneficial,
innovative and dynamic aspects of globalisation are being tempered, and according to
some more than offset, by forces that create disruption and marginalisation, such as
population growth and migration, the emergence of infectious diseases, widening
disparities in development world-wide, climate change, an accelerating loss of
biodiversity and the scarcity and pollution of fresh-water resources. We contend in this
context that the complexity of the globalization process requires a truly integrated but
pluralistic strategy combining financial, socio-cultural and ecological dimensions
(Rennen & Martens 2003). Globalization is a complicated method through which the
world, through financial, social, political and cultural agreements, becomes a extremely
interconnected world. It relates to the intensification of worldwide interconnection,
proposing a world full of motion and combination, contracts and connections, and
ongoing cultural interaction and exchange. As a result, in terms of time and space, the
world is shrinking, making the world feel smaller and distances shorter. The intensity and
the momentum of this process are further enhanced by the sophisticated instant
communications and over-expanding fast travels. Globalization symbolizes a world in
motion providing people with resources to new ways of being human in the fast changing
world. Thus, globalization ceaselessly cuts across national boundaries; it involves flows
of goods, capital, people, information, ideas, images and risks across national borders,
combined with the emergence of social networks and political institutions. In other times,
globalization implies "integrating and linking cultures and groups into new combinations
of space-time and making the world more interconnected in truth and experience."
2.1 Common Ecological Constraints
Ecological factors should not be overlooked when analysing globalisation, although they
do differ from the other dimensions of globalisation. In contrast to the other dimensions,
they usually appear to be the consequence of globalisation, rather than a driving force.
However, many ecological factors, such as global climate change, might become driving
forces in the future. A more promising approach is to measure international linkages in
terms of trade of goods that have a strong environmental impact, if not a high monetary
one. Trade in software, for example will generally have a far smaller impact on the
environment than trade in tropical hardwoods, hazardous waste or water-intensive
agricultural products. Ecological footprint data offer a summary for many of these
, components since production and trade of these kinds of goods are summarised in a
single measure. An ecological deficit (a footprint greater than the bio-capacity) indicates
that a country must either “import space” from somewhere (or stop “exporting” it) or face
rapid ecological degradation. Similarly, an ecological surplus offers opportunities to
“export space” by trade in space-intensive goods and services. Another significant
adverse effect of globalization is the degradation of the environment. A lot of harm to the
environment has taken on worldwide dimensions. Acid rain, worldwide warming and
deforestation have adversely impacted the entire Earth's ecosystem and can only be
solved worldwide.
2.2 Globalisation of Culture
Social globalisation, is expressed by the spread of ideas, information, images and people.
On the cultural front, there are more international cultural exchanges, the spread of multi-
culturalism and greater cultural diversity within many countries. Such developments are
facilitated by the freer trade of more differentiated products as well as by tourism and
immigration. Flows of immigration— both legal and illegal— also contribute to today's
melting pot societies. Tourism brings people in contact with each other. It changes
attitudes and promotes understanding between cultures that would otherwise have little
contact. As a major economic activity, it can bring prosperity to regions with no other
resources than the natural beauty of the surroundings or the cultural value of historic
sites. Tourism has grown steadily in the last century, the major impetus being cheaper air
travel. It represents an important part of globalisation and is therefore included in the
index. The World Tourism Organisation, the source of the data, provides the sum of
international inbound and outbound tourists, i.e., the number of visitors who travel to a
country other than their usual residence for a period of not more than twelve months, the
primary aim of which is not linked to jobs. It is also possible to interpret cultural
globalization as the dominance of U.S. cultural products. This is because the United
States is the trend-setter in much of the global social-cultural realm. Cultural proximity
could be proxied by the number of English songs in national hit lists, English books or
newspapers sold in a particular country, or movies shown in national cinemas that
originated in Hollywood. However, the only proxy available is the number of
McDonald's restaurants located in a country. In cultural terms, globalization implies an
increased cultural interconnectedness across the globe, principally as a result of the mass
media, and also because of flows of people in migration, tourism and the global economic
and political institutions leading to similar life patterns in different parts. Globalization
opens up other methods of living to local culture and provides solutions. Local cultures
are subjected to concepts such as human rights, democracy, market economy, new
production methods, new consumer products, and new recreational practices. All these
"generate fresh understandings of culture, nationality, the world's self, what a stranger is,
what a citizen is, how people become politically engaged, and many other aspects of
social life.
2.3 Globalisation of Communication
Globalization means the process of connecting actors at multi-continental distances,
mediated by a multitude of flows including individuals, data and thoughts, capital and
products (Clark, 2000). It is a method that erodes domestic borders and integrates
domestic economies, cultures, techniques and governance and produces complex
relations of mutual interdependence (Norris, 2000). There is little doubt that globalization
has generated significant gains at the worldwide stage for many commentators, especially
economists (Bhagwati 2004). Globalization is also viewed at the same moment as
generating fresh threats: to people, societies and ecosystems. There are concerns that this
could exacerbate the divide between wealthy and poor— both within and across countries
— and create fresh threats to human safety in terms of financial volatility, political and
cultural insecurity and degradation of the environment. In other words, the beneficial,
innovative and dynamic aspects of globalisation are being tempered, and according to
some more than offset, by forces that create disruption and marginalisation, such as
population growth and migration, the emergence of infectious diseases, widening
disparities in development world-wide, climate change, an accelerating loss of
biodiversity and the scarcity and pollution of fresh-water resources. We contend in this
context that the complexity of the globalization process requires a truly integrated but
pluralistic strategy combining financial, socio-cultural and ecological dimensions
(Rennen & Martens 2003). Globalization is a complicated method through which the
world, through financial, social, political and cultural agreements, becomes a extremely
interconnected world. It relates to the intensification of worldwide interconnection,
proposing a world full of motion and combination, contracts and connections, and
ongoing cultural interaction and exchange. As a result, in terms of time and space, the
world is shrinking, making the world feel smaller and distances shorter. The intensity and
the momentum of this process are further enhanced by the sophisticated instant
communications and over-expanding fast travels. Globalization symbolizes a world in
motion providing people with resources to new ways of being human in the fast changing
world. Thus, globalization ceaselessly cuts across national boundaries; it involves flows
of goods, capital, people, information, ideas, images and risks across national borders,
combined with the emergence of social networks and political institutions. In other times,
globalization implies "integrating and linking cultures and groups into new combinations
of space-time and making the world more interconnected in truth and experience."
2.1 Common Ecological Constraints
Ecological factors should not be overlooked when analysing globalisation, although they
do differ from the other dimensions of globalisation. In contrast to the other dimensions,
they usually appear to be the consequence of globalisation, rather than a driving force.
However, many ecological factors, such as global climate change, might become driving
forces in the future. A more promising approach is to measure international linkages in
terms of trade of goods that have a strong environmental impact, if not a high monetary
one. Trade in software, for example will generally have a far smaller impact on the
environment than trade in tropical hardwoods, hazardous waste or water-intensive
agricultural products. Ecological footprint data offer a summary for many of these
, components since production and trade of these kinds of goods are summarised in a
single measure. An ecological deficit (a footprint greater than the bio-capacity) indicates
that a country must either “import space” from somewhere (or stop “exporting” it) or face
rapid ecological degradation. Similarly, an ecological surplus offers opportunities to
“export space” by trade in space-intensive goods and services. Another significant
adverse effect of globalization is the degradation of the environment. A lot of harm to the
environment has taken on worldwide dimensions. Acid rain, worldwide warming and
deforestation have adversely impacted the entire Earth's ecosystem and can only be
solved worldwide.
2.2 Globalisation of Culture
Social globalisation, is expressed by the spread of ideas, information, images and people.
On the cultural front, there are more international cultural exchanges, the spread of multi-
culturalism and greater cultural diversity within many countries. Such developments are
facilitated by the freer trade of more differentiated products as well as by tourism and
immigration. Flows of immigration— both legal and illegal— also contribute to today's
melting pot societies. Tourism brings people in contact with each other. It changes
attitudes and promotes understanding between cultures that would otherwise have little
contact. As a major economic activity, it can bring prosperity to regions with no other
resources than the natural beauty of the surroundings or the cultural value of historic
sites. Tourism has grown steadily in the last century, the major impetus being cheaper air
travel. It represents an important part of globalisation and is therefore included in the
index. The World Tourism Organisation, the source of the data, provides the sum of
international inbound and outbound tourists, i.e., the number of visitors who travel to a
country other than their usual residence for a period of not more than twelve months, the
primary aim of which is not linked to jobs. It is also possible to interpret cultural
globalization as the dominance of U.S. cultural products. This is because the United
States is the trend-setter in much of the global social-cultural realm. Cultural proximity
could be proxied by the number of English songs in national hit lists, English books or
newspapers sold in a particular country, or movies shown in national cinemas that
originated in Hollywood. However, the only proxy available is the number of
McDonald's restaurants located in a country. In cultural terms, globalization implies an
increased cultural interconnectedness across the globe, principally as a result of the mass
media, and also because of flows of people in migration, tourism and the global economic
and political institutions leading to similar life patterns in different parts. Globalization
opens up other methods of living to local culture and provides solutions. Local cultures
are subjected to concepts such as human rights, democracy, market economy, new
production methods, new consumer products, and new recreational practices. All these
"generate fresh understandings of culture, nationality, the world's self, what a stranger is,
what a citizen is, how people become politically engaged, and many other aspects of
social life.
2.3 Globalisation of Communication
