MDC2 EXAM 1 (review 1) QUESTIONS & ANSWERS RATED 100% CORRECT!!

MDC2 EXAM 1 (review 1) QUESTIONS & ANSWERS RATED 100% CORRECT!! Seven warning signs of cancer Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does not heal, Unusual bleeding/discharge, Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious change in wart/mole, Nagging cough/hoarseness. Initiation Change in gene expression leading to loss of cellular regulation. Excessive cell division Cancer development stages of malignancy initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis Promotion Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances known as promoters Promoters can be hormones, proteins (insulin and estrogen) Progression Continued change of a cancer making it more malignant over time metastasis Cancer cells move from the primary location and establish remote colonies. Cancer classification Cancers are classified by type of tissue from which the arise Solid tumors: associated with the organ where they develop Hematological cancers: Originate from blood cell-forming tissues such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas Cancer prevention primary Avoidance of known/potential carcinogens Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection during sun exposure Ex: Eliminate Modifying associated factors primary Modifying behavior to reduce the associated factor can decrease the risk of CA development. Ex increased incidence of CA among adults who consume alcohol Diets high in fat and low in fibers Removal of "at-risk" tissues primary Ex: Chemoprevention Vaccination o Ex: HPV vaccine Secondary Prevention Regular screening for cancer does not reduce cancer incidence but can greatly reduce some types of CA deaths Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings Annual mammography (45-54 years of age), Biennial (55+) Annual breast exams, colonoscopy at 50, annual FOBT, Prostate screening for men 50+ Testing for gene mutations o Ex: BRCA genes Types of cancers (carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma) Types of therapy ( surgery) Can be used prophylactically or as curative Tx Used for diagnostics Ex: biopsies * Cons: loss of function and some cancer cells could escape surgery Ex: CA cells left behind or mobilized into vasculature causing metastases Types of therapy (Radiation) Destroys cancer cells with minimal damaging effects Side Effects Rash, altered taste, fatigue, bone marrow suppression, hair loss Interprofessional collaborative care: Do not remove ink markings Teach patients to avoid skin irritants Teach patients about risk for fractures Implement exercise and sleep interventions Care for dry mouth Nutritional supplementation. Types of therapy (Chemotherapy) Treatment of cancer with chemical agents. Damages DNA and interferes with cell division types of therapy ( Immunotherapy) Modifies patients biological responses to tumor cells Side Effects: Fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, bone marrow supp. Skin reaction, hypertension, GI distress, mucositis types of therapy ( Photodynamic) Selective destruction of CA cells via chemical reaction triggered by types of light Types of therapy (Hormonal Therapy) Changing hormone responses Ex: some hormones make hormone sensitive tumors grow more rapidly. Inhibits these responses. * Masculizing effects in women, feminizing effects in men, acne, fluid retention, hypercalcemia, DVT Surgical classification types ( Prophylactic surgery) Prophylactic surgery Removes potentially cancerous tissue as a means of preventing CA development Performed when a patient has existing premalignant conditions or strong predisposition for development of CA Ex: removing benign polyp from colon Surgical classification types (Diagnostic Surgery) Biopsy: removal of all or part of a lesion to confirm or r/o CA Dx Surgical classification (Curative Surgery) Removes all CA tissue surgical classification (Cytoreductive surgery) Removes part of the tumor when entire removal of the mass is not possible. Decreases size of tumor = alleviation of sx and enhance success of CA tx. surgical classification ( palliative surgery *Sx relief and improving quality of life * Ex: removing tumor tissue that causes pain/obstruction surgical classification (reconstructive surgery) * Increases function/enhances appearance * Ex: breast reconstruction s/p mastectomy. S/E of therapies ( Adverse effects of surgery) Loss of function Reduced function Scarring/disfigurement Grieving about altered body image/change in lifestyle S/E of therapies ( adverse effects of chemo Fatigue, alopecia, n/v, muscositis, skin changes, neutropenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia. S/E of therapies (adverse effects of radiation) Local skin changes, irritation, alopecia, fatigue, altered taste oncology emergency sepsis CA patients are at an increased risk for infection Interventions for Sepsis: Prevention - ID patients who are at risk for sepsis Maintain aseptic technique with immunocompromised patient Monitor patients for s/s of infection Administer Abx as prescribed oncology emergency Intravascular coagulation oncology emergency ( Interventions for DIC) Administer anticoagulants in the early phase Administer cryoprecipitated clotting factors as prescribed as DIC progresses and hemorrhage is the main concern oncology emergency (Saidh) Tumors can produce, secrete, or stimulate substances that mimics ADH. S/S of SIADH: Weakness, muscle cramps, loss of appetite and fatigue. Sodium levels 115 - 120 Serious s/s are weight gain, personality changes, confusion, and extreme muscle weakness. If sodium levels near 110 seizures/coma/death can occur. oncology emergency (siadh Intervention) Fluid restriction and increased sodium intake Administer antagonist Monitor sodium levels Treat underlying cause (CA) oncology emergency ( spinal cord compression) Occurs when a tumor directly impacts the spinal cord or the spinal column collapses due to tumor S/S of spinal cord compression: Back pain, numbness, tingling, loss of urethral/vaginal/rectal sensation, muscle weakness. oncology emergency ( Hypercalcemia) Late manifestation of extensive malignancy usually occurs with bone metastasis. Bones will break down and release CA into blood stream