AC-HPAT Prep (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Math) 188 Questions With Complete Solutions.

AC-HPAT Prep (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Math) 188 Questions With Complete Solutions. Most of the cell membrane's specific functions are controlled by: Proteins Alcoholic Fermentation is a form of: Anaerobic Respiration Phagocytosis is a form of: Endocytosis What is a pyruvate? Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. What are the small spherical bodies within a cell where proteins are assembled according to genetic instructions? Ribosomes What is the structural and functional unit of life? The cell What is a prokaryotic cell? A cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles What is a eukaryotic cell? A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles What is cellular respiration? A catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which sometimes oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with an organic fuel. At times, the process proceeds without oxygen, but this is less efficient. What is anaerobic respiration? A form of cellular respiration that does not involve oxygen. What is aerobic respiration? Form of cellular respiration which requires oxygen to generate energy. Name the four types of transport that allow small molecules to move across the cell membrane: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, and Passive Transport. Prokaryotes often reproduce by: Binary Fission What is binary fission? A form of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two identical halves. What is cytokinesis? The division of cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells, which occurs during the telophase stage of mitosis. What is a haploid cell? A cell that contains one set of chromosomes What is a diploid cell? A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes What is chromatin? The substance of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed, consisting of mostly proteins, DNA, and RNA. What is a centriole? a cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. What is a chromosome? A structure carrying genes is a linear sequence, found in the nucleus, consisting of DNA and protein. What is DNA? A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. It makes up the genetic material of most living organisms and plays a role in determining heredity. What is RNA? A single-stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis. It is responsible for carrying the genetic code transcribed for DNA to specialized sites within the cell where the information is translated into protein composition. What is a nucleotide? A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. What is transcription? Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). ... This complex initiates transcription, and the RNA polymerase begins mRNA synthesis by matching complementary bases to the original DNA strand. What is translation? Translation is the process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation occurs in a structure called the ribosome, which is a factory for the synthesis of proteins What is endocytosis and exocytosis? Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell. Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell What is a chromotid? each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. What is an allele? An alternative version of a gene; one from each parent. What is a phenotype? An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. What is a genotype? An organism's genetic makeup. When a red snapdragon is crossed with a white one, all the F1 hybrids have pink flowers. This is an example of: Incomplete dominance Traits that are alternatives to the wild type (for example, white eyes in a fruit fly as opposed to the usual red) are called: Mutant phenotypes Lethal recessive mutations are perpetuated by the reproduction of carriers with normal: Phenotypes What is the function of the circulatory system? To distrubute blood and associated chemicals through the body. What is the function of the respiratory system? To take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. What is the function of the digestive system? To break down food for energy, reabsorb water and nutrients, and eliminate waste. What is a virus? A virus is a parasite that can only produce within a living host cell. What are the two cycles of viral reproduction? The Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle. What is the lytic cycle? The reprodyuctive cycle of viruses that end in the death of the host. What is the lysogenic cycle? The reproductive cycle of a virus, which coexists with the host rather than killing it. What are the three categories of symbiotic relationships? Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism Destruction of bacteria by a lytic agent is called: A bacteriophagia. What is photosynthesis? The process by which light energy, captured by the chloroplasts of plants, is converted to chemical energy. What is the ploem? A vascular tissue that transports sugars from leaves throughout the rest of the plant. What is the xylem? A vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant. What is a gymnosperm? A plant that produces unprotected seeds. What is an angiosperm? A type of flowering plant. The sticky tip of the carpel of a flower, which receives the pollen, is called the: Stigma The major sites of photosynthesis in most plants are the: Leaves Name the 6 kingdoms of living entities. 1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria