PSYCHOLOGY 2134A TEST 1 REVIEW Q & A 2024
A vocalization that warns other members of the group about an approaching threat is called…
Alarm call
A vocalization, a word or gesture that refers to the entire situation and not to the specific object and events in
that situation is called…
Holophrase
The psychological process that groups items into larger meaningful units in order to increase working memory
capacity is known as…
Chunking
The process of taking meaningless units and combing them into meaningful units is called…
Duality of patterning
The set of rules for combining words and suffixes to form larger words is called…
Morphology
A symbol that bears no resemblance to what it refers to is…
Arbitrary
Quiz 3
The rate with which a participant correctly identifies or categorizes stimuli in an experiment is called:
Accuracy
,A quick movement of the eyes while reading is known as , and a momentary gaze of the eyes on a
single location while reading is known as a .
Saccade/fixation
The fibers that connect the brain’s two hemispheres is called…
Corpus callosum
About what percentage of left handers have left-lateralized language?
50%
Quiz 4
The number of wavelengths of sound that pass a given point in a given amount of time is called ,
and it is measured in .
Frequency and measured in Hertz (Hz)
The basilar membrane is located in…
The cochlea
The observation that there is no reliable relationship between a phoneme and acoustic signals that encode it
is known as…
Lack of invariance
With respect to acoustic features, the syllables ‘ba’ and ‘da’ will tend to have…
Similar steady-state formants
The process of filling in missing segments of the speech stream with contextually appropriate material is
known as…
Phonemic restoration
Match each theory of speech perception with its core theoretical claim.
A. We use mirror neurons to perceive speech (D)
B. Chinchillas can perceive human speech sounds in much the same way as humans do (B)
C. Listeners match perceptual information to prototypes that are stored in memory (A)
D. We perceive speech by mapping it onto how speech is articulated. (C)
a. Motor theory – the process of having listeners match perceptual information to prototypes that are
stored in memory
b. General auditory framework – believes chinchillas can perceive human speech sounds in much the
same way humans do
c. Direct realism – the perception of speech is completed by mapping it on to how speech is articulated.
d. Fuzzy logic model of perception – is conducted using mirror neurons to perceive speech
, Quiz 5
The manner of speaking to infants that attracts their attention and helps them learn language is known as…
In-direct infant speech.
In the famous ‘Cat in the Hat’ study, how did DeCasper measure whether newborns recognized the story their
mother had previously read to them?
High amplitude speaking
Perceptual narrowing is…
The transition from discriminating all phonemes to only discriminating phonemes relevant to the target
language.
Infants can use what they know about the stress patterns of words to guess at how to segment them. This is
known as…
The metrical segmentation strategy
The poverty of the stimulus is best summed up as…
Children do not get direct information about what is vs what is not grammatical in their target
language.
**Psychology 2134 Lecture 1: The Human Language**
Language Processing is the…
Understanding spoken words.
The majority of the spoken language that we hear around us is…
o Long, continuous, changing in sound and understanding written words.
o How are they similar?
Similar in sentence comprehension.
o How are they different?
Different in language production.
The Human Language states…
Language is a unified phenomenon across humans
o all humans use language
languages differ in some basic ways
o but share many important characteristics
Languages have a lot of surface differences
However, there are lots of deep similarities across language.
o Different sounds, different words, additional approach to changing words together to achieve
actual sentences.
All Languages are the Same
There is no such thing as a ‘primitive’ language
, No ‘correct’ or ‘best’ form of a language
o Rural, urban dialects are just as grammatical and complex as ‘the Queen’s English’
Which is ‘high’ version of a language and strictly social construct
Nothing can be expressed in one language that cannot be expressed in another.
Mental Grammars – a language ability that all humans possess
Noam Chomsky stated… “What do we know when we know language?”
o We know we have mental grammar.
Mental grammar is our storage house about everything we know about the rules and
the structure of the language.
Chomsky – is a famous linguistic.
Prescriptive grammar rules – grammars we learned in school
o Do not a sentence in a preposition
o Don’t say ‘ain’t’
o Never split an infinitive
Speakers frequently violate these rules
These are known as the rules of style
Descriptive Grammar
Is a description of what people’s mental knowledge of their language actually looks like is what people
know, not what’s right, and so there are lots of principles that language users abide by; that describe
what are mental knowledge of language looks like.
o We want to describe what language users know, what is ‘right
E.g., *Herman isn’t threatening to leave, isn’t he?
*Mathematicians many are thought to be odd* - we use astricts to denote incorrect
sentences.
We have an implicit knowledge of Language;
One way to approach this is to think about two sentences;
o Sentence 1: “Cats run after dogs”
o Sentence 2: “runs cat’s dogs after” – incorrect sentence because it violates our mental grammar
and it violates our expectation of how English sentences are constructed.
Implicit knowledge
o Is the belief that there should be a subject and a verb in an object, and that these things should
be chained together in very principle ways.
Mid 20th Century Behaviourism
Skinner: language as operant conditioning
o He believed that there is some sort of way of learning through feedback in where one learned
what’s grammatical and what is not, through some sort of implicit or explicit instruction that
happens in your environment.
A vocalization that warns other members of the group about an approaching threat is called…
Alarm call
A vocalization, a word or gesture that refers to the entire situation and not to the specific object and events in
that situation is called…
Holophrase
The psychological process that groups items into larger meaningful units in order to increase working memory
capacity is known as…
Chunking
The process of taking meaningless units and combing them into meaningful units is called…
Duality of patterning
The set of rules for combining words and suffixes to form larger words is called…
Morphology
A symbol that bears no resemblance to what it refers to is…
Arbitrary
Quiz 3
The rate with which a participant correctly identifies or categorizes stimuli in an experiment is called:
Accuracy
,A quick movement of the eyes while reading is known as , and a momentary gaze of the eyes on a
single location while reading is known as a .
Saccade/fixation
The fibers that connect the brain’s two hemispheres is called…
Corpus callosum
About what percentage of left handers have left-lateralized language?
50%
Quiz 4
The number of wavelengths of sound that pass a given point in a given amount of time is called ,
and it is measured in .
Frequency and measured in Hertz (Hz)
The basilar membrane is located in…
The cochlea
The observation that there is no reliable relationship between a phoneme and acoustic signals that encode it
is known as…
Lack of invariance
With respect to acoustic features, the syllables ‘ba’ and ‘da’ will tend to have…
Similar steady-state formants
The process of filling in missing segments of the speech stream with contextually appropriate material is
known as…
Phonemic restoration
Match each theory of speech perception with its core theoretical claim.
A. We use mirror neurons to perceive speech (D)
B. Chinchillas can perceive human speech sounds in much the same way as humans do (B)
C. Listeners match perceptual information to prototypes that are stored in memory (A)
D. We perceive speech by mapping it onto how speech is articulated. (C)
a. Motor theory – the process of having listeners match perceptual information to prototypes that are
stored in memory
b. General auditory framework – believes chinchillas can perceive human speech sounds in much the
same way humans do
c. Direct realism – the perception of speech is completed by mapping it on to how speech is articulated.
d. Fuzzy logic model of perception – is conducted using mirror neurons to perceive speech
, Quiz 5
The manner of speaking to infants that attracts their attention and helps them learn language is known as…
In-direct infant speech.
In the famous ‘Cat in the Hat’ study, how did DeCasper measure whether newborns recognized the story their
mother had previously read to them?
High amplitude speaking
Perceptual narrowing is…
The transition from discriminating all phonemes to only discriminating phonemes relevant to the target
language.
Infants can use what they know about the stress patterns of words to guess at how to segment them. This is
known as…
The metrical segmentation strategy
The poverty of the stimulus is best summed up as…
Children do not get direct information about what is vs what is not grammatical in their target
language.
**Psychology 2134 Lecture 1: The Human Language**
Language Processing is the…
Understanding spoken words.
The majority of the spoken language that we hear around us is…
o Long, continuous, changing in sound and understanding written words.
o How are they similar?
Similar in sentence comprehension.
o How are they different?
Different in language production.
The Human Language states…
Language is a unified phenomenon across humans
o all humans use language
languages differ in some basic ways
o but share many important characteristics
Languages have a lot of surface differences
However, there are lots of deep similarities across language.
o Different sounds, different words, additional approach to changing words together to achieve
actual sentences.
All Languages are the Same
There is no such thing as a ‘primitive’ language
, No ‘correct’ or ‘best’ form of a language
o Rural, urban dialects are just as grammatical and complex as ‘the Queen’s English’
Which is ‘high’ version of a language and strictly social construct
Nothing can be expressed in one language that cannot be expressed in another.
Mental Grammars – a language ability that all humans possess
Noam Chomsky stated… “What do we know when we know language?”
o We know we have mental grammar.
Mental grammar is our storage house about everything we know about the rules and
the structure of the language.
Chomsky – is a famous linguistic.
Prescriptive grammar rules – grammars we learned in school
o Do not a sentence in a preposition
o Don’t say ‘ain’t’
o Never split an infinitive
Speakers frequently violate these rules
These are known as the rules of style
Descriptive Grammar
Is a description of what people’s mental knowledge of their language actually looks like is what people
know, not what’s right, and so there are lots of principles that language users abide by; that describe
what are mental knowledge of language looks like.
o We want to describe what language users know, what is ‘right
E.g., *Herman isn’t threatening to leave, isn’t he?
*Mathematicians many are thought to be odd* - we use astricts to denote incorrect
sentences.
We have an implicit knowledge of Language;
One way to approach this is to think about two sentences;
o Sentence 1: “Cats run after dogs”
o Sentence 2: “runs cat’s dogs after” – incorrect sentence because it violates our mental grammar
and it violates our expectation of how English sentences are constructed.
Implicit knowledge
o Is the belief that there should be a subject and a verb in an object, and that these things should
be chained together in very principle ways.
Mid 20th Century Behaviourism
Skinner: language as operant conditioning
o He believed that there is some sort of way of learning through feedback in where one learned
what’s grammatical and what is not, through some sort of implicit or explicit instruction that
happens in your environment.
