NURS 6501-Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz 1
Study Guide Graded A+
1). How are cells specialized?
Ans: through the process of differentiation or maturation
2). What are the eight specialized cellular functions?
Ans: movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration,
reproduction, and communication
3). What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell?
Ans: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
4). What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes?
Ans: Cellular injury causing cellular self-digestion
5). What is the location and function of the nucleus?
Ans: the largest membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center.
The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.
6). What is cytoplasm?
Ans: an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the nucleus and the
plasma membrane.
7). What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in?
Ans: a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer
nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid
components of most of the organelles
8). What is the golgi complex and what does it do?
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, Ans: a network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The
Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory
vesicles
9). What are lysosomes and what do they do?
Ans: saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive
enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their
basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
10). What are peroxisomes?
Ans: involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
11). Importance of proteins in disease
Ans: The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they can cause diseases
12). What are mitochondria responsible for?
Ans: . Mitochondria contain the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy
metabolism (Makes ATP).
13). What is the cytoskeleton?
Ans: the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is composed of a
network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
14). What is the plasma membrane?
Ans: encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement of substances across it,
exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
15). What is signal transduction?
Ans: The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not
done apoptosis occurs
16). What is protein regulation and what is it composed of?
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, Ans: protein homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is
composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or
proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
17). What do protein receptors do?
Ans: on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact with other cells and with
extracellular substances
18). What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions?
Ans: (1) the extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma
membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
19). What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do?
Ans: (1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins,
and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth,
movement, and differentiation.
20). How do cells communicate?
Ans: (1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that
affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use
receptor proteins inside the target cell.
21). How is intercellular signaling done?
Ans: contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
22). What is atp?
Ans: Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.
23). What is anabolism?
Ans: energy-using process of metabolism
24). What is catabolism?
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Study Guide Graded A+
1). How are cells specialized?
Ans: through the process of differentiation or maturation
2). What are the eight specialized cellular functions?
Ans: movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration,
reproduction, and communication
3). What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell?
Ans: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
4). What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes?
Ans: Cellular injury causing cellular self-digestion
5). What is the location and function of the nucleus?
Ans: the largest membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center.
The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.
6). What is cytoplasm?
Ans: an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the nucleus and the
plasma membrane.
7). What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in?
Ans: a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer
nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid
components of most of the organelles
8). What is the golgi complex and what does it do?
PaperStoc.com Page 1 of 17
, Ans: a network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The
Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory
vesicles
9). What are lysosomes and what do they do?
Ans: saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive
enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their
basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
10). What are peroxisomes?
Ans: involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
11). Importance of proteins in disease
Ans: The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they can cause diseases
12). What are mitochondria responsible for?
Ans: . Mitochondria contain the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy
metabolism (Makes ATP).
13). What is the cytoskeleton?
Ans: the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is composed of a
network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
14). What is the plasma membrane?
Ans: encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement of substances across it,
exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
15). What is signal transduction?
Ans: The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not
done apoptosis occurs
16). What is protein regulation and what is it composed of?
PaperStoc.com Page 2 of 17
, Ans: protein homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is
composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or
proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
17). What do protein receptors do?
Ans: on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact with other cells and with
extracellular substances
18). What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions?
Ans: (1) the extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma
membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
19). What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do?
Ans: (1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins,
and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth,
movement, and differentiation.
20). How do cells communicate?
Ans: (1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that
affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use
receptor proteins inside the target cell.
21). How is intercellular signaling done?
Ans: contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
22). What is atp?
Ans: Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.
23). What is anabolism?
Ans: energy-using process of metabolism
24). What is catabolism?
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