Final Exam Review Nurs 548 Advanced
Pathophysiology, Questions and Correct
Answers, Updated 2024.
Name the characteristics of acute Rhinosinusitis
1. facial pain
2. headache
3. purulent nasal discharge
4. decreased sense of smell
5. fever
Name the characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis homins
1. Aerobic
2. Have a protective waxy capsule
3. Can stay alive in "suspended animation" for years
Miliary TB
Minute lesions, resembling millet seeds, resulting from tuberculosis eroding into the
blood vessel, disseminating the area affecting almost any organ, particularly the brain,
meninges, liver, kidney, and bone marrow.
Meat inspection and milk Pasteurization were introduced to protect the food supply.
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
1. Lack of surfactant; infants are not strong enough to inflate their alveoli
2. Protein-rich fluid leaks into the alveoli and further blocks oxygen uptake
3. Treatment with mechanical ventilation may lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia and
chronic respiratory insufficiency
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of the lung or portion of the lung
Pneumothorax
1. air enters the pleural cavity
2. Air takes up space, restricting lung expansion
3. Partial or complete collapse of the affected lung
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
An air-filled blister on the lung that ruptures
Traumatic Pneumothorax- Open
Air enters the pleural cavity through the wound on inhalation and leaves on exhalation
Traumatic Tension Pneumothorax
Air enters the pleural cavity through the wound on inhalation but cannot leave on
exhalation
Name the causes of Intrinsic (Nonatopic) Asthma
1. Respiratory Infections- epithelial damage, IgE production
2. Exercise, hyperventilation, cold air- loss of heat and water may cause bronchospasm
3. Inhaled Irritants- inflammation, vagal reflex
4. Aspirin and other NSAIDS- abnormal arachidonic acid metabolism
Characteristics of Bronchiectasis
, Infection and inflammation destroy smooth muscle in airways, causing permanent
damage
A manifestation of chronic bronchitis not typically seen in this type of patient
Cor Pulmonale
Manifestations seen in Hypercapnia
1. Increased Respiration
2. Decreased Nerve Firing- carbon dioxide narcosis, disorientation, somnolence, coma
3. Decreased muscle contraction
UTI in special populations- Women
More common in women than men, peak ages 15-24 yr olds
Pregnant women at increased risk for UTIs
UTI in special populations- Children
Common in young children
Often involve pyelonephritits
UTI in special populations- Elderly
Relatively common
2nd most common form of infection, after respiratory infections, among healthy
community-dwelling elderly
Nephrotic syndrome
Increased permeability of glomerulus
Cardiovascular Consequences of CRF
1. Decreased blood viscosity
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Decreased oxygen supply
Cardiovascular Consequences of Chronic Renal Failure
Less erythropoietin causes anemia->lower blood viscosity-> blood flows through
vessels more swiftly-> heart rate increases-> increased workload on left heart-> left
ventricle dilation and hypertrophy->not enough oxygen to support LV contraction->
causing angina, ischemia, & LHF
Neurogenic Bladder Disorders- Flaccid Bladder
Failure to empty urine
- May occur because of injury to the micturition center of sacral cord, cauda equina, or
sacral spinal nerves
- Peripheral neuropathies (a complication of diabetes mellitus) may lead to flaccid
bladder
What is happens in overflow incontinence?
Occurs when intravesicular pressure exceeds the maximal urethral pressure
What is the most common cause of overflow incontinence in men?
Prostate Enlargement
What are the consequences of inflammation and damage to the bowel?
Hemorrhage-> anemia
Perforation-> peritonitis
Decreased mucosal function -> malabsorption
Decreased bacterial containment-> sepsis
What are the characteristics of Crohn's disease?
Pathophysiology, Questions and Correct
Answers, Updated 2024.
Name the characteristics of acute Rhinosinusitis
1. facial pain
2. headache
3. purulent nasal discharge
4. decreased sense of smell
5. fever
Name the characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis homins
1. Aerobic
2. Have a protective waxy capsule
3. Can stay alive in "suspended animation" for years
Miliary TB
Minute lesions, resembling millet seeds, resulting from tuberculosis eroding into the
blood vessel, disseminating the area affecting almost any organ, particularly the brain,
meninges, liver, kidney, and bone marrow.
Meat inspection and milk Pasteurization were introduced to protect the food supply.
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
1. Lack of surfactant; infants are not strong enough to inflate their alveoli
2. Protein-rich fluid leaks into the alveoli and further blocks oxygen uptake
3. Treatment with mechanical ventilation may lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia and
chronic respiratory insufficiency
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of the lung or portion of the lung
Pneumothorax
1. air enters the pleural cavity
2. Air takes up space, restricting lung expansion
3. Partial or complete collapse of the affected lung
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
An air-filled blister on the lung that ruptures
Traumatic Pneumothorax- Open
Air enters the pleural cavity through the wound on inhalation and leaves on exhalation
Traumatic Tension Pneumothorax
Air enters the pleural cavity through the wound on inhalation but cannot leave on
exhalation
Name the causes of Intrinsic (Nonatopic) Asthma
1. Respiratory Infections- epithelial damage, IgE production
2. Exercise, hyperventilation, cold air- loss of heat and water may cause bronchospasm
3. Inhaled Irritants- inflammation, vagal reflex
4. Aspirin and other NSAIDS- abnormal arachidonic acid metabolism
Characteristics of Bronchiectasis
, Infection and inflammation destroy smooth muscle in airways, causing permanent
damage
A manifestation of chronic bronchitis not typically seen in this type of patient
Cor Pulmonale
Manifestations seen in Hypercapnia
1. Increased Respiration
2. Decreased Nerve Firing- carbon dioxide narcosis, disorientation, somnolence, coma
3. Decreased muscle contraction
UTI in special populations- Women
More common in women than men, peak ages 15-24 yr olds
Pregnant women at increased risk for UTIs
UTI in special populations- Children
Common in young children
Often involve pyelonephritits
UTI in special populations- Elderly
Relatively common
2nd most common form of infection, after respiratory infections, among healthy
community-dwelling elderly
Nephrotic syndrome
Increased permeability of glomerulus
Cardiovascular Consequences of CRF
1. Decreased blood viscosity
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Decreased oxygen supply
Cardiovascular Consequences of Chronic Renal Failure
Less erythropoietin causes anemia->lower blood viscosity-> blood flows through
vessels more swiftly-> heart rate increases-> increased workload on left heart-> left
ventricle dilation and hypertrophy->not enough oxygen to support LV contraction->
causing angina, ischemia, & LHF
Neurogenic Bladder Disorders- Flaccid Bladder
Failure to empty urine
- May occur because of injury to the micturition center of sacral cord, cauda equina, or
sacral spinal nerves
- Peripheral neuropathies (a complication of diabetes mellitus) may lead to flaccid
bladder
What is happens in overflow incontinence?
Occurs when intravesicular pressure exceeds the maximal urethral pressure
What is the most common cause of overflow incontinence in men?
Prostate Enlargement
What are the consequences of inflammation and damage to the bowel?
Hemorrhage-> anemia
Perforation-> peritonitis
Decreased mucosal function -> malabsorption
Decreased bacterial containment-> sepsis
What are the characteristics of Crohn's disease?
