Intro. to Psychology 2023 Final Exam

Intro. to Psychology 2023 Final Exam Psychology The study of behavioral and metal processing, belongs to behavioral science 4 goals of psychology DEPI: describe, explain, predict, influence Basic science Just doing research Applied science Doing something with it Introspection Act of looking inward to examine mental experience Phrenology Predicting behavior by studying the bumps on someone's head Pseudoscience False science like astrology, horoscopes and phrenology Humanistic Focuses on goals and self actualization Biological Brain and how the body works Cognitive Thinking, memory, language Behavioral Learned, reinforcement and punishment Psychoanalytic/dynamic Unconscious childhood, Freud believed that all thoughts and actions are determined by the unconscious Charles Darwin Natural selection and evolution William James Father of American Psychology - functionalist Wilhem Wundt Father of Modern Psychology - structuralist, 1st psych lab in Germany. Independent Variable manipulated by the researcher Experimental Group received the treatment (part of the IV) Control Group placebo, baseline (part of the IV) Placebo Effect like a sugar pill Double-Blind Exp. where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to Dependent Variable measured variable (is DEPENDENT on the independent variable) Operational Definition clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION Adv: real world validity (observe people in their own setting) Disadv: No cause and effect ex. Jane Goodall and her study of chimpanzees CORRELATION a study to determine the degree of relationships between two events. CASE STUDY Studies ONE person (usually) in great detail - lots of info Disadv: No cause and effect Mean Average (use in normal distribution) Median Middle # (use in skewed distribution) Mode occurs most often Survey Method Get a lot of info. quickly Bad: people lie Dendrites Receive incoming signal Soma Cell body (includes nucleus) Axon Action Potential travels down this Myelin Sheath covers and protects the axon Axon Terminals release NTs - send signal onto next neuron Synapse space b/w neurons Action Potential movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane sends an electrical charge down the axon Sensory neurons receive signals Afferent neurons Accept signals Motor neurons send signals CENTRAL NS Brain and spinal cord PERIPHERAL NS Rest of the NS NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NTS) serve the function of carrying chemical neural messages across the synapses. Dopamine Reward & movement, too much associated with Schizophrenia, too little associated with Parkinson's Serotonin Moods and emotion Acetylcholine (ACh) Memory Phineas Gage man who had an iron rod that severed his frontal lobe from the limbic system. Cerebellum movement (what does it take to ring a bell) Amygdala motions, fear (Amy, da! You're so emotional!) Hippocampus memory (if you saw a hippo on campus you'd remember it!) Thalamus the brain's relay center (Thala- MUST - everything MUST go thru here; except smells, b/c they're MUSTY) Hypothalamus Reward/pleasure center, eating behaviors, temperature Occipital Lobe ocated in the back of the head - vision Frontal Lobe decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality Parietal Lobe located on the top of the head - sensations Temporal Lobe located on the sides of the head (temples) - hearing and face recognition Left Hemisphere Language, logic, right side of the body Right Hemisphere patial recognition, left side of the body. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM sends hormones throughout the body Pituitary Gland Controlled by hypothalamus. release growth hormones, MASTER gland Adrenal Glands related to sympathetic NS: releases adrenaline EEG brain activity - usually used for sleep studies MRI scanning technique that uses magnetic technology to visualize parts o the brain. shows structures PET glucose shows brain activity (when in doubt pick this one) FMRI glucose shows activity in real time ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD detection of signal 50% of time (is it there) DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD (also called a just noticeable difference (JND) and follows WEBER'S LAW two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion Rods cones that see black/white, dim light Cones densely packed in the fovea and are used for seeing color and clarity. Trichromatic three cones for receiving color (blue, red, green) Opponent Process complementary colors are processed in ganglion cells - explains why we see an after image GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY Whole is greater than the sum of its parts Closure tendency to mentally fill in gaps Proximity tendency to group things together that appear near each other Similarity tendency to group things together based off of looks Continuity tendency to mentally form a continuous line Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Entire cycle takes 90 minutes, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM 24 hour biological clock Insomnia Inability to fall asleep (due to stress/anxiety) Sleep walking (due to fatigue, drugs, alcohol) Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep episodes. Sleep Apnea stop breathing suddenly while asleep (due to obesity usually) Meditation the focusing of attention to clear one's mind. HYPNOSIS It Can: Reduce pain, help you relax It CANNOT: give you superhuman strength, make you regress, make you do things against your will Depressants Alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, opiates (narcotics) Decrease sympathetic NS activation, highly addictive Stimulants