Anatomy Final Questions

Anatomy Final Questions 1. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is __________ to water. Impermeable 2. What are the cells called that wrap pedicels around the glomerular capillaries? Podocytes 3. Which of these structures does not enter or exit the kidney at the hilum: a) Renal Vein b) Renal Artery c) Renal Nerves d) Ureter e) None of the above e) none of the above 4. Which of the following lists structures of the nephron in the correct order? Glomerulus, Proximal Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, Collecting Duct 5. What cell type makes up the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli 6. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding glomerular filtration: The creatinine clearance test is the most accurate way to measure GFR 7. Diuretics do which of the following? a) Promote water loss in urine b) Decrease blood volume c) Decrease blood pressure d) A and C e) A, B, and C e) A, B, and C 8. By what mechanism is glomerular filtration performed? A pressure gradient that yields a filtrate with the same composition as the blood plasma minus plasma proteins 9. Which of the following is true about factors controlling GFR? a) GHP (glomerular hydrostatic pressure) normally pushes water and solutes out of plasma and into filtrate b) GHP is normally higher than systemic capillary pressures c) BCOP (blood colloid osmotic pressure) draws water back into plasma and therefore opposes filtration d) CsHP (Capsular hydrostatic pressure) opposes GHP e) all of the above are true e) all of the above are true 10. Which substance(s) affect mesangial contraction? a) Angiotensin II b) Vasopressin c) Histamine d) All of the above e) None of the above d) All of the above 11. Sympathetic innervation of the kidneys: a) Limits the amount of reabsorption at the nephron b) Adjusts rate of urine formation by changing blood flow and blood pressure at the nephron c) Stimulates the release of renin d) Two of the above (B & C) e) All of the above d) Two of the above (B & C) 12. Which of the following is incorrectly matched with regards to regulation of the glomerular filtration rate? Hormonal regulation - initiated by the anterior pituitary 13. Along with the urinary system, which other body systems are regarded as components of the excretory system? a) Integumentary System b) Respiratory System c) Digestive System d) Two of the above e) All of the above e) All of the above 14. Where does glucose reabsorption take place? PCT 15. Which of the following is an age-related change that affects the urinary system? a) Decline in the number of functioning nephrons b) Reduction in the glomerular filtration rate c) Reduced sensitivity to ADH d) Problems with the micturition reflex e) All of the above e) All of the above 16. Why are infants unable to voluntarily control urination? Corticospinal connections have not yet been established d) they don't know any better (but really) 17. How do the kidneys compensate for decreased blood pressure while maintaining the glomerular filtration rate? Dilation of afferent glomerular arteriole 18. What is the correct order of blood flow through the kidney? I. Afferent arterioles II. Interlobular veins III. The glomerulus IV. Venules V. Efferent arterioles VI. Interlobular arteries VII. Peritubular capillaries b) VI, I, III, V, VII, IV, II 19. Which of the following is a mechanism for Na+ reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule? a) Diffusion through leak channels b) Cotransport with organic solutes c) Countertransport with H+ ions d) Two of the above e) All of the above e) All of the above 20. What would happen to the blood and urine pH, respectively, if the action of aldosterone is inhibited? Decrease, increase 21. A patient presents with hypertension. Which of the following would have an effect on the renal system to reduce blood pressure? a) Administer an ACE-inhibitor, preventing cleavage of angiotensin I into angiotensin II b) Administer a diuretic or an inhibitor of antidiuretic hormone c) Administer an aldosterone inhibitor d) All of the above d) All of the above 22. The filtration membrane consists of which of the following? a) Capillary endothelium b) Dense layer c) Filtration slits d) All of the above e) None of the above d) All of the above 23. Which of the following occurs in response to a decrease in systemic blood pressure? a) Relaxation of the afferent glomerular arteriole b) Release of renin from the adrenal cortex c) Increased release of ADH from the posterior pituitary d) Two of the above (A and C) e) All of the above d) Two of the above (A and C) 24. Sympathetic innervation directly affects all of the following to regulate systemic blood pressure EXCEPT: Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II in the nephron 25. In response to decreased systemic blood pressure, homeostasis of renal filtration can be reestablished by which of the following autoregulatory mechanisms? a) Contraction of mesangial cells to dilate the glomerular capillaries b) Dilation of the afferent arterioles c) Constriction of the efferent arterioles d) Two of the above e) All of the above e) All of the above 26. What type of epithelium is found in the urethra? a) Contraction of mesangial cells to dilate the glomerular capillaries b) Dilation of the afferent arterioles c) Constriction of the efferent arterioles d) Two of the above e) All of the above d) Two of the above (A & C) 27. In which of the following segments is sodium NOT actively transported out of the nephron? The thin segment of the loop of Henle 28. The primary function of the nephron is to create urine that is: Hypertonic to the blood 29. How does prolonged aldosterone secretion affect blood pH? prolonged aldosterone secretion promotes alkalosis due to continuous H+ secretion 30. Which answer most accurately describes the relative fluid volume and concentrations of the DCT and PCT? the DCT has a lower concentration, and lower fluid volume than the PCT 31. What would happen if net filtration pressure (NFP) were to reach zero? filtration ceases 32. Which of the following statements is FALSE? ADH acts directly on the proximal convoluted tubule 33. Which of the following would most likely be filtered through the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule? Monosaccharides 34. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the cortical and juxtaglomerular nephrons? Cortical nephrons are associated with vasa recta 35. Which statement(s) is true regarding the actions of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) on kidney function? a) Their actions oppose that of secreted aldosterone b) They regulate calcium ion reabsorption in the DCT c) Increases water loss at the kidneys by counteracting the effects of ADH d) Two of the above (A & C) e) ANP and BNP have no functional significance at the level of the kidneys d) Two of the above (A & C) 36. In an autoregulatory response, decreases in glomerular blood pressure causes: a) Constriction of the efferent arteriole b) Contraction of intraglomerular mesangial cells c) Dilation of the afferent arteriole d) All of the above e) None of the above d) All of the above 37. Facultative water reabsorption occurs in which of the following areas: Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct 38. Which of the following will lead to an increase in GFR? a) An increase in the protein concentration in the blood plasma b) A decrease in capsular pressure c) An increase in the glomerular blood pressure d) Constriction of the afferent arteriole e) Two of the above (B & C) e) Two of the above (B & C) 39. Which of the following will not lead to diuresis? Excessive perspiration 40. It is not uncommon for otherwise healthy marathon runners to experience hematuria due to a) Maximum exertion causes blood to be shunted away from kidneys damaging glomerular cells b) The physical force and shock of running causes trauma to the bladder epithelium c) Dehydration causing low GFR and therefore the accidental passage of RBCs into the filtrate d) Two of the above (A & B) e) All of the above d) Two of the above (A & B) 41. _______________ are reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop by means of___________. Sodium, chloride / active transport 42) All of the following are reabsorbed into the peritubular fluid at some point by the time the filtrate reaches the minor calyx EXCEPT: Inulin 43. All of the following can adversely affect or prevent voluntary control of urine excretion EXCEPT: 400 ml of fluid in the urinary bladder 44. The presence of glucose in the urine Occurs when the transport carriers for glucose become saturated 45. Which of the following is not a means of regulating the GFR? a) Regulation via skeletal muscle 46. During the micturition reflex, preganglionic parasympathetic fibers carry visceral motor commands via the ___________ nerve to the ____________ muscle, causing contraction of the urinary bladder. Pelvic / detrusor 47. Where can solute reabsorption occur? a) Proximal convoluted tube b) Distal convoluted tube c) Collecting duct d) Loop of Henle e) All of the above e) All of the above 48. Net filtration pressure at the glomerulus is the difference between: Net hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure 49. Under normal circumstances virtually all the glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients are reabsorbed before the filtrate leaves the Proximal convoluted tubule 50. The kidneys are involved in a) Maintenance of blood pH b) Regulating blood pressure c) Regulating of electrolytes d) Removing waste products from the blood e) All of the above e) All of the above 51. Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing: Dehydration 52. Blood arrives at the renal corpuscle by way of Afferent arteriole 53. What are the benefits of countercurrent multiplication? a) It allows for efficient reabsorption of solutes and water before the tubular fluid reaches the DCT and collecting system b) It establishes a concentration gradient that permits the passive reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid in the collecting system c) a and b d) None of the above c) a and b 54. Compare filtration and reabsorption. Filtration depends solely based on size while reabsorption involves diffusion or carrier proteins 55. What does a reduction in blood flow and a decline in glomerular blood pressure create? a) Constriction of afferent arteriole b) Constriction of efferent arteriole c) Dilation of glomerular capillaries d) Two of the above e) None of the above d) Two of the above 56. The effects of ADH are suppressed by: Natriuretic peptides 57. The vasa recta ____________ a) Contributes to the ability of the kidney to concentrate the urine b) Surrounds the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephron c) Results in a positive net transport of solutes from the ascending nephron loop to systemic circulation d) Two of the above e) All of the above d) Two of the above 58. Hydrogen ion secretion is associated with the reabsorption of: Na+ 59. The external urethral sphincter: a) Is under voluntary control b) Is under involuntary control c) Is made of skeletal muscle d) Both B & C e) Both A & C e) Both A & C 60. Which of the following blood vessels is not found in the kidneys? Segmental Veins