MTM-Final Exam Basic Science

MTM-Final Exam Basic Science Ionized forms like A- and BH+ are ________ and ______ diffusible across membrane water; poorly generic equation used to calculate week acidic and basic drugs 10 ^(pka-pH) = protonated/unprotonated equation to calculate weak acidic drugs 10^(pka-pH) = [nonionized(HA)]/[ionized(A-)] equation to calculate weak basic drugs 10^(pka-pH) = [ionized (BH+)]/[nonionized(B0] if the pka and pH difference is 1 or -1: ionization is 90% or 10% if the pka and pH difference is 2 or -2: ionization is 99% or 1% if the pka and pH difference is 3 or -3: ionization is 99.9% or 0.1% if the pKa-pH is negative for acidic drug, the acidic drug is in ____ medium and is more _______ basic medium; ionized (A-) if the pKa-pH is positive for acidic drug, the acidic drug is in _____ medium and is more _____ acidic medium; nonionized (HA) _____ poisoning is treated by making urine basic by administering sodium bicarbonate aspirin (acidic drugs) ______ poisoning is treated making urine acidic by administering ammonia chloride or ascorbic acid amphetamine (basic drug) p-glycoprotein (PGP) ATP-dependent efflux pump found in intestine where it pumps drugs or it metabolites into intestine lumen for elimination (phase 3) what inhibits p-glycoprotein and increases drug absorption grapefruit juice hyperplasia increase in number of cells hyperplasia seen in hypertrophy physiologic hyperplasia hormonal- female breast and uterus during pregnancy compensatory- liver after damage, kidney, bone marrow mechanism for physiologic hyperplasia increase local growth factor, GF receptors or activation of intracellular signaling pathways pathologic hyperplasia excessive hormonal stimulation Ex: endometrium - increased estrogen - endometrial cancer prostate - increased androgen - constriction of urethra hypertrophy increase in cell size where is hypertrophy seen in non dividing cells (myocardial fibers) & cells capable of division (smooth m.) pathologic or physiologic hypertrophy increased functional demand- cardiac hypertrophy (increased workload of heart) hormonal stimulation - uterine smooth muscle stimulated by estrogen during pregnancy atrophy shrinkage of cells by loss of cell substance and decreased cell number; may result in cell death pathologic causes of atrophy decreased workload (disuse), loss of innervation, decreased blood supply (ischemia), inadequate nutrition, aging (senile) mechanisms of atrophy reduction of cellular components, apoptosis, associated with numerous autophagic and lipofuscin granules common condition associated with atrophy Alzheimer's' disease thin gyri, wide sulcus (global loss0 metaplasia REVERSIBLE change in which one cell type is replaced by another from chronic irritation common example of metaplasia Barrett Esophagus - columnar metaplasia normal esophageal squamous to intestinal-type columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells hypoxia deficiency of oxygen; cause cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration example of hypoxia vascular occlusion - ischemia physical agents of cellular injury mechanical trauma temperature extremes sudden changes in ATM radiation electric shock chemical agents and drugs simple chemicals poisons environmental pollutants occupational hazards f reversible cellular injury cellular swelling, fatty changes, intracellular accumulations pyknosis nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia karyorrhexis fragmentation of nucleus karyolysis fading of chromatin necrosis tissue death apoptosis programmed cell death coagulative necrosis basic form of necrosis resulting from ischemia cell boarders and eosinophilia identify coagulative necrosis liquefactive necrosis result of heterolytic digestion- autolytic form seen with ischemic injury to CNS no cell boarders or eosinophilia identify liquefactive necrosis caseous necrosis combined liquefactive and coagulative; "cheesy like" ; no cell bodies but has eosinophilia; associated w/ myobacterial infections, fungal diseases, tularemia, and lymphogranuloma venereum identify slide fat necrosis Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids enzymatic fat necrosis example of fat necrosis pancreatitis dry gangrene "mummification" - COAGULATIVE NECROSIS - tissue dries out and becomes greenish yellow to dark brown to black wet gangrene gangrenous area become infected inducing significant amount of LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS fibroid necrosis -immune reactions in vessels -immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) and fibrin are deposited in vessel walls p53 This tumor suppressor gene causes cell cycle arrest in G1, providing time for DNA repair. If repair is successful, cells re-enter the cycle. If unsuccessful, apoptosis steatosis `abnormal condition of fat stromal infiltration or fatty ingrowth is associated with obesity mallory bodies 'alcoholic hyaline'; eosinophilic masses; accumulation of intermediate prekaratin filaments alcoholic liver disease lipofuscin a pigment that occurs as clumps of yellowish brown granules in the cytoplasm "wear and tear" pigment of aging/elderly Prussian blue stain Shows iron (distinguishes from lipofuscin) as blue; used in hemochromatosis dystrophic calcification Calcium deposits on dead tissues in the setting of normal serum calcium and phosphate arterial stenosis-- passing out metastatic calcification High serum calcium or phosphate levels lead to deposition of Ca in normal tissues (i.e. hyperparathyroidism leading to nephrocalcinosis) causes of hypercalcemia (CHIMPS) Cancer, Hyperparathyroidism, Intoxication of Vitamin D, Multiple myeloma/ milk alkali syndrome, Paget disease of bone, sarcoidosis examples of non-reducing sugars sucrose and trehalose sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose lactose is composed of glucose and galactose maltose is composed of glucose and glucose modified/derived sugar implicated in development of cataracts is sorbitol which of the derived lipids is used as an alternate fuel by the brain during prolonged fasting? ketone bodies amphipathic having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region lipid that is amphipathic phospholipids bile salts