BIOD 151 Module 1 Study Set Questions With Accurate Answers 2024 A+

BIOD 151 Module 1 Study Set Questions With Accurate Answers 2024 A+ Anatomy The study of body structure 6 levels of organization Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism Physiology The study of body function Epithelial tissue Covers the body surface and lines the cavities. Is used for secretion and absorption; cells are constantly dividing to replace dead ones Muscle tissue A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. 3 types: cardiac, skeletal and smooth Cardiac muscle tissue Striated and involuntary Skeletal muscle tissue Striated and voluntary Smooth muscle tissue Non-striated and involuntary Connective tissue Supports and protects body organs (e.g. bones, tendons, blood, + ligaments). Bind tissues and play supportive role Nervous tissue Communication between the cells of the body by forming a system of electrical impulses Integumentary system Layers that make up the skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis). Produces vitamin D and contains the pain and pressure receptors Epidermis Outer layer of skin Dermis Middle layer of skin Hypodermis Inner layer (aka subcutaneous tissue layer). Mostly fat and anchors the dermis to the fat cells (aka adipocytes) which help insulate and regulate body temperature Skeletal system Framework for muscular system and supports body organs. Protection for internal organs, houses blood cells, and stores minerals Muscular system Allows body to move - muscles attach to bones to bring movement to the skeletal system Nervous system Provides internal communication. Uses electrical impulses to communicate within the body and allows body to respond to internal and external environments Digestive system Breaks down food into small molecules which then enter the bloodstream through the small intestine and supply the body with nutrients Endocrine system Made of glands which make hormones to regulate the reproductive system and metabolism of the body Metabolism All of the chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable us to function Catabolism Breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks Anabolism Synthesizing of more complex structures from simpler ones ATP Energy rich molecule that powers the cellular activities allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions Cardiovascular system Made of blood vessels which move blood, oxygen, and nutrients through the body Lymphatic system Part of the circulatory system. Responsible for immunity and fighting off disease. Has complex network of vessels and nodes that allow for the excess fluid to drain back to the heart Respiratory system Involved in excretion of waste CO2 and keeps blood supplied with O2 Urinary system Excretion of waste from body and regulates water and electrolyte balance in blood Systems which move nutrients and waste through the body Cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems Systems which remove waste from the body (excretion) Digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems Reproductive system Controlled by hormones from the endocrine system Superior (cranial) Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below Ventral (anterior) Toward or at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal (posterior) Toward or at the back of the body; behind Medial Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral Away from the midline; on the outer side of Intermediate Between a more medial and a more lateral structure Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Superficial (external) Toward or at the body surface Deep (internal) Away form the body surface; more internal Flexion Closing of a joint; bending Extension Opening of a joint; straightening Abduction Movement away from the midline Adduction Movement towards the midline Dorsiflection Flexion superiorly occurring at subtalar (ankle) joint; toes up Plantarflexion Flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint; toes down Radial deviation Lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius Ulnar deviation Medial movement of wrist towards the ulna Pronation Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally Supination Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially; used in anatomical position Elevation Upward movement of a structure Depression Downward movement of a structure Retraction Movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction; drawn backward Protraction Movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction; drawn forward Anatomical postition Reference point; hands are in supination so ulna and radius are uncrossed; directional terms refer to the body in this position Axial division Axis of the body; includes head, neck, and trunk