Psychology Exam #1, Module 2: Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions.

Psychology Exam #1, Module 2: Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions. same Despite some gender differences, the underlying processes of human behavior are the _. biology, experience Nature is to nurture as _ to _. biology The environment (nurture_) has an affect on us, but that influence is constrained by our _ (nature). John Watson In the early 20th century, _ _ redefined psychology as "the science of observable behavior." functionalist, structuralists William James would be considered a _. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener would be considered _. Wilhelm Wundt In 1879, in psychology's first experiment, _ _ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key. evidence, claims, credible, research, agenda How can critical thinking help you evaluate claims in media? Look for empirical _. What are the _ based on? Are there _ sources? Have they done _? Is there an _? introspection To study inner sensations, images, and feelings, Edward Titchener used a research technique known as _. behaviorism, humanistic Watson is to _ as Rogers is to _. physiologist Wilhelm Wundt was both a _and a philosopher. scientific The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas BEST highlights the _ character of psychology. wrong Dr. Jenkins is a psychologist who places a high value on humility. Which question is she MOST likely to ask herself? Could I be _? neuroscience Dr. Williamson is working with the National Institutes of Mental Health to determine if omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects on mood and anxiety disorders. Which perspective in contemporary psychology does Dr. Williamson's research BEST reflect? Wilhelm Wundt Professor Costa is studying the amount of time it takes to press the buttons. This is similar to experiments conducted by which early psychologist? positive Talia has just finished reading an article discussing the traits—such as courage—that allow firefighters to remain strikingly calm even when faced with overwhelming stress. This article was MOST likely published in which journal? _ psychology Locke, blank Regarding human traits, which individual would MOST likely agree with Aristotle? The mind is a _ slate on which experience writes. interest How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology? It recaptured the field's early _ and made them legitimate topics for scientific study. familiar Easy-to-remember misconceptions ("Vitamin C prevents the common cold") can therefore overwhelm hard truths. This power of _, hard-to-erase falsehoods is a lesson well known to political manipulators, and kept in mind by critical thinkers. hindsight bias The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. "I knew it all along." inaccurate, fools “The naked intellect is an extraordinarily _ instrument.” “Those who trust in their own wits are _.” will Common sense describes, after the fact, what has happened better than it predicts what _ happen. overconfidence The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. hindsight, overconfidence, patterns Our commonsense thinking is flawed due to three powerful tendencies: _ bias, _, and our tendency to perceive _ in random events. evidence President Barack Obama (2017) warned that without a "common baseline of facts," democracy is threatened: "We become so secure in our bubbles that we start accepting only information, whether it's true or not, that fits our opinions, instead of basing our opinions on the _ that is out there." fake, repetition, powerful, group So why do post-truth era people so often, in the words of psychologist Tom Gilovich (1991), "know what isn't so?" _ news, _, availability of _ examples, _ identity and the echo chamber of the like-minded (Group polarization). post-truth world Modern cultures where people's emotions and personal beliefs override the acceptance of objective facts. hypothesis A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. operational definition A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. preregistration The practice of posting a study's method, hypotheses, or statistical analyses publicly, in advance of data collection. This openness and transparency also prevent later modifications, such as changing the hypotheses to fit the data. exploratory research Investigators gather data and seek patterns that inspire theories, which can then be tested with confirmatory research confirmatory research When a testable hypothesis can be formed. facts, predictions, research What does a good theory do? A good theory organizes observed _ and implies hypotheses that offer testable _ and, sometimes practical applications. It often stimulates further _. realiability Why is replication important? When other investigators are able to replicate the same experiment with similar (Or stronger) results, scientists can confirm the result and become more confident of its _. case study An observation technique in which one person or a group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. research Individual cases can suggest fruitful ideas. What's true of all of us can be glimpsed in any one of us. But to find those general truths, we must employ other _ methods. can't We cannot assume that case studies always reveal general principles that apply to all of us. Why not? Case studies only involve one individual or group, so we _ know for sure whether or not the principles observed would apply to a larger population. describe Case studies _ behavior. explain Experiments _ behavior. naturalistic observation Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.