HSC 4504 FINAL EXAM QUESTION BANK. 654 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS, WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION. UPDATED 2024, ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS INCLUDED.(DOWNLOAD TO PASS YOUR HSC 4504 FINAL EXAM)

HSC 4504 FINAL EXAM QUESTION BANK. 654 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS, WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION. UPDATED 2024, ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS INCLUDED.(DOWNLOAD TO PASS YOUR HSC 4504 FINAL EXAM) A fibrotic mass of macrophages that surrounds & walls off the source of inflammation is known as a _____________. granuloma Which property of the adaptive immune system enables it to respond to a large variety of antigens? diversity The type of immune response mediated by naive lymphocytes that occurs on first exposure to antigen is called: primary Activated T lymphocytes preferentially migrate to inflamed tissues Immunity mediated by antibodies is known as humoral immunity Which property of the adaptive immune system leads to rapid and enhanced responses to repeat exposures to the same antigens? memory Cellular messengers that mediate immune responses are known as: cytokines The name of the organ that raises the body's temperature when stimulated by endogenous pyrogens released by white blood cells is the: hypothalamus Lymphocytes are the only cells with clonally distributed receptors with fine specificities for different antigens. True Acquired immunity is both antibody and cell‐mediated. True Which property of the adaptive immune system ensures that distinct antigens elicit responses that target those antigens? specificity Which of the following is NOT a type of immune effector cell? erythrocyte Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen presenting cell? red cell An overactive immune response to harmless antigens is called hypersensitivity The innate cell type important in first line of defense against microbes is the: neutrophil Which type of host defense mediates initial protection against infections and is always present in healthy individuals? innate immunity Antigen presenting cells capture antigens of microbes that enter through epithelia, concentrate these antigens in lymphoid organs, and display the antigens for recognition by T cells. True Lymphadema occurs when lymphatic fluid accumulates in the soft tissues, especially arms and legs. true Monocytes can differentiate into which cell type? dendritic cells In the Lymph nodes, paracortex contains Tcells and antigen presenting cells Lymph node filter lymph of the pathogens and other debris and return the fluid back to the circulatory system. True Which of the following is not derived from a myeloid progenitor cell? NK cell What is TRUE about macrophages? They kill intracellular pathogens These cells of the immune system are recruited from the circulation to sites of infection and tissue damage during inflammation Phagocytes Which cell is most important for the defense against parasitic organisms ? Eosinophils Which primary lymphoid organ generates all circulating blood cells in an adult as well as it is a site for B cell maturation Bone marrow Which of the following cell plays a role in allergic reactions ? Basophils Which of the following cells is not an antigen presenting cell ? T-cells Which progenitor is most often associated with adaptive immunity? Lymphoid progenitors The two principal phagocytes are: Neutrophils and monocytes What is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? Maintain the blood pressure and maintain homeostasis Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) is an encapsulated tissue in mucosa of respiratory, gastrointestinal & genitourinary tract and makes up 50% of the lymphoid tissue. False The ________ is the largest secondary lymphoid organ and filters blood to remove antigens. spleen Which of the following lymphoid cells do not specifically recognize antigen? Natural Killer Cells The adaptive immune function of the spleen is found in the _______________. White pulp Choose the correct statement about T- cells specifically recognize Ag (via the TcR) Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity? Antibodies Which of the following organs is responsible for maturation of T cells? thymus I am a circulating cell involved in IgE type allergic reactions. I am a mediator of allergic reactions because I can release granules that contain heparin and histamines. I am a: Basophil I am a professional at finding antigens and have a very long reach. I frequently interact with T cells (shown in green in pic) in antigen presentations. I am a: dendritic cell MALT organs include: All of the above Antigen presentation and immune responses do not occur in the primary lymphoid organs. True Primary lymphoid organs include: C and D I non-specifically recognize altered MHC proteins on the surface of virally infected or "corrupted" cancer cells. I then release toxic molecules to kill the altered cell (in the picture I am killing a cancer cell) . I am a: natural killer cell Which of the following statements about mast cells is FALSE? Important defense against parasitic infections Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of macrophages? Dampen allergic and inflammatory responses True or False: Inflammation is the body's specific response to antibodies or physical damage. False Macrophages not only have a key role in phagocytosis, but they also play a part in which of the following processes? All of the above I live in the bone marrow & I am the mother of all cells. I continuously divide & then differentiate to create new cells of different lineages. I am a: stem cell In the spleen, T lymphocytes are located in the: PALS Choose the INCORRECT statement about acquired immunity. The primary defense mechanism of acquired immunity is from macrophages. Afferent lymphatic vessels transport lymph that contains _________________. pathogens and antigens The most abundant leukocyte type in blood is the ____________, numbering 4,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter. neutrophil Chronic granulomatous disease is due to an inherent deficiency of phagocyte oxidase enzyme Neutrophil extracellular traps are formed of: nuclear contents, especially histones Most of microbes in food are destroyed in the __________ of the stomach. acidic environment The intestinal surface is covered with finger-like protrusions called: villi A complement deficiency can be easily treated. False The specificity of the adaptive immune system is less diverse than the innate immune system. False Choose the TWO types of circulating phagocytes. neutrophils, monocytes The receptors of the innate immune system are encoded in the ____________. germ-line Inherited germline genes can generate many more structurally different receptors than can be produced from gene recombination. False The specificity of the adaptive immune system is much more diverse than the innate immune system. True Innate immune responses enhance adaptive immunity by ___________. providing the necessary second signals (co-stimulators) for activation of B & T lymphocytes. The innate immune system responds to repeat exposure with a microbe in the same way every time The classical pathway of complement activation is triggered after antibodies bind to microbes or other antigens. Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry for microbes into the body? liver Many plasma proteins (e.g., complement, C-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin) increase rapidly in circulation after infection. This protective response is called ______. an acute phase response TLR 9 is specific for Unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides The major goal of Acute Inflammation is: to allow products of the immune response to enter area of infection or damage The genetic code for the receptors of innate immunity is not encoded in the germline. False The major goal of Chronic Inflammation is: containment of injurious stimulus or Ag The distribution of receptors in innate immunity is Non-clonal type TLR 4 is specific for Bacterial LPS (endotoxin) The distribution of receptors in adaptive immunity is Clonal type Exudate: All of the above The specificity of Innate Immunity is due to the identical mannose receptors that recognize the pathogen associated molecular patterns or damage associated molecular patterns. True Opsonization is: A and B The non-clonal type of distribution of receptors is a characteristic of Innate immunity Complement activation is important in protecting the host from microbes in both adaptive and innate responses. In the late steps of complement activation, which component has a dual function that stimulates inflammation and initiates cell lysis? C5 The genetic code for the receptors of adaptive immunity is encoded in the germline. False The complex of NLRP-3 (the sensor), an adaptor, and caspase-1 is known as inflammasome. True The main hemodynamic changes in inflammation are: The production of exudates and increased permeability The TLR that recognizes several Bacterial LPS (endotoxin) is TLR 4 Complement: A, B, and D Leukocyte migration across the endothelium depends on: All of the above The biological effects of Complement include: A, C, and D One of the primary mediators of the inflammatory response is: Histamine released from mast cells degranulated by activated complement This molecule is formed from the C3 convertase in the Classical pathway. C4b2aC3b This complement combines first with C5b in the formation of the Membrane Attack Complex. C6 This complement marks the convergence of the Alternative and Classical pathways. C5 What are the three main functions of the complement system in host defense (select all correct answers)? Inflammation, Cell lysis, Opsonization and phagocytosis Which complement fragment breaks away from C3 after it interacts with activating surfaces and proceeds with complement cascade by combining with Factor B? C3b Which complement component(s) are involved in anaphylaxis? C3a The Complement activation pathway that is activated by microbial carbohydrates is ______________________. Lectin pathway This is the second complement to combine with C5b in the formation of the Membrane Attack Complex. C7 Which of these complement component(s) can produce pores in cell membranes? C5b9 or MAC Which pathways do not require antibodies for activation? Alternative and Lectin This is the product of the combination of Complement 3b and Factor B in the alternative complement cascade pathway. C3bBb This molecule is the C5 convertase of the Classical Pathway. C4b2aC3b Which complement fragment is extruded from complement C5 before it continues onward to form the Membrane Attack Complex? C5a In the classical pathway, this complement binds with the Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the complement cascade. Which is it ? C1q,r,s Which complement molecule breaks away from C3 after it binds with activating surfaces? C3a Which complement molecule marks the convergence of the Classical and Lectin pathways? C4 Most antibodies and T cell receptors respond to the site of ______ _______ on a foreign molecule. highest antigenicity These two antibody classes activate the classical complement pathway. IgM, IgG