HSC 404 Exam 3 Questions and Correct
Answers, With Complete Solution 2024.
Recall bias is more likely to occur in ___________ studies
Case control
Repeated measurement reliability
the degree of consistency among repeated measurements of the same individual on
more than one occasion
Internal consistency reliability
evaluates the degree of agreement or homogeneity within a questionnaire measure of
an attitude, personal characteristic, or psychological attribute
interjudge reliability
degree of agreement among several trained experts
Diagnostic test
test that determines whether disease is actually present
To improve sensitivity
lower cut point; moved toward "Normal" individuals
To improve specificity
raise cut point; moved toward "Diseased" individuals
content validity
the degree to which the measurement incorporates the domain of the phenomenon
under study
Criterion-referenced validity
found by correlating a measure with an external criterion of the entity being assessed
Predictive validity
denotes the ability of a measure to predict some attribute or characteristic in the future
concurrent validity
obtained by correlating a measure with an alternative measure of the same
phenomenon taken at the same point
construct validity
the degree to which the measurement agrees with the theoretical concept being
investigated
measurement bias
constant errors that are introduced by a faculty measuring device and tend to reduce
the reliability of measurements
Halo effect
the influence of the observer's recollection or knowledge of findings on a previous
occasion
social desirability effects
respondent answers questions in a manner that agrees with desirable social norms
lead time bias
the perception that the screen-detected case has longer survival because the disease
was identified early
length bias
, Slow-progressing cases of disease with a better prognosis are more likely to be
identified than faster-progressing cases of disease with a poorer prognosis
selection bias
motivated participants have a different probability of disease than those who refuse to
participate
Epidemiologic triangle
A model used to explain the etiology of infectious diseases.
Recognizes three major factors in the pathogenesis of disease: agent, host, and
environment.
Host
a person or animal who permits the lodgment of an infectious disease agent under
natural conditions
Nonspecific defense mechanisms
skin, mucosal surfaces, tears, saliva, gastric juices, and the immune system
Active immunity
a disease organism stimulates the potential host's immune system to create antibodies
against the disease
Natural, active immunity
results from an infection by an agent
artificial, active immunity
vaccine induced immunity; results from an injection with a vaccine that stimulates
antibody production in the host
Passive immunity
short term immunity provided by administration of antibodies
Natural, passive immunity
performed antibodies are passed to the fetus during pregnancy and provide short-term
immunity in the newborn
Artificial, passive immunity
performed antibodies are given to exposed individuals to confer protection against a
disease
Environment
domain external to the host in which the agent may exist, survive, or originate
Viruses
microorganism composed of a piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat;
cannot live on their own and must inhabit a host to survive and replicate
Rickettsia
Genus bacteria that can grow within cells; ectoparasites transmit not cause the majority
of these agents
Mycoses
Fungal diseases (ringworm, athlete's foot)
Protozoa
microscopic single-organisms mostly in poorer countries (malaria, amebiasis); causes
vector-borne diseases
Helminths
Organisms found mostly in moist, tropical areas; internal parasites (roundworms,
pinworms, tapeworms)
Answers, With Complete Solution 2024.
Recall bias is more likely to occur in ___________ studies
Case control
Repeated measurement reliability
the degree of consistency among repeated measurements of the same individual on
more than one occasion
Internal consistency reliability
evaluates the degree of agreement or homogeneity within a questionnaire measure of
an attitude, personal characteristic, or psychological attribute
interjudge reliability
degree of agreement among several trained experts
Diagnostic test
test that determines whether disease is actually present
To improve sensitivity
lower cut point; moved toward "Normal" individuals
To improve specificity
raise cut point; moved toward "Diseased" individuals
content validity
the degree to which the measurement incorporates the domain of the phenomenon
under study
Criterion-referenced validity
found by correlating a measure with an external criterion of the entity being assessed
Predictive validity
denotes the ability of a measure to predict some attribute or characteristic in the future
concurrent validity
obtained by correlating a measure with an alternative measure of the same
phenomenon taken at the same point
construct validity
the degree to which the measurement agrees with the theoretical concept being
investigated
measurement bias
constant errors that are introduced by a faculty measuring device and tend to reduce
the reliability of measurements
Halo effect
the influence of the observer's recollection or knowledge of findings on a previous
occasion
social desirability effects
respondent answers questions in a manner that agrees with desirable social norms
lead time bias
the perception that the screen-detected case has longer survival because the disease
was identified early
length bias
, Slow-progressing cases of disease with a better prognosis are more likely to be
identified than faster-progressing cases of disease with a poorer prognosis
selection bias
motivated participants have a different probability of disease than those who refuse to
participate
Epidemiologic triangle
A model used to explain the etiology of infectious diseases.
Recognizes three major factors in the pathogenesis of disease: agent, host, and
environment.
Host
a person or animal who permits the lodgment of an infectious disease agent under
natural conditions
Nonspecific defense mechanisms
skin, mucosal surfaces, tears, saliva, gastric juices, and the immune system
Active immunity
a disease organism stimulates the potential host's immune system to create antibodies
against the disease
Natural, active immunity
results from an infection by an agent
artificial, active immunity
vaccine induced immunity; results from an injection with a vaccine that stimulates
antibody production in the host
Passive immunity
short term immunity provided by administration of antibodies
Natural, passive immunity
performed antibodies are passed to the fetus during pregnancy and provide short-term
immunity in the newborn
Artificial, passive immunity
performed antibodies are given to exposed individuals to confer protection against a
disease
Environment
domain external to the host in which the agent may exist, survive, or originate
Viruses
microorganism composed of a piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat;
cannot live on their own and must inhabit a host to survive and replicate
Rickettsia
Genus bacteria that can grow within cells; ectoparasites transmit not cause the majority
of these agents
Mycoses
Fungal diseases (ringworm, athlete's foot)
Protozoa
microscopic single-organisms mostly in poorer countries (malaria, amebiasis); causes
vector-borne diseases
Helminths
Organisms found mostly in moist, tropical areas; internal parasites (roundworms,
pinworms, tapeworms)
