NR 507 Midterm Study Guide Questions and
Correct Answers
1). Glomerulonephritis
Ans: The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-Ab complexes
- Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia, immunologic
responses, free radicals. SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus
Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation & deposition in glomerulus-
Activation of complement system & WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury & leakage-
Proteinuria/hematuria- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
OR
after glomerular injury & leakage- Coagulation cascade activation & FIbrin deposition-
Decreased capillary perfusion- decreased GFR- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
2). S1
Ans: -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
3). S2
Ans: - Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
4). Valvular stenosis
Ans: the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the forward flow of blood
and increasing the workload of the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased valve.
Intraventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to overcome resistance to flow
through the valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium to work harder, causing
myocardial hypertrophy.
5). Aortic stenosis
Ans: - LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
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, - Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
6). Mitral stenosis
Ans: - LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
7). Stroke volume
Ans: The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
8). Cor pulmonale
Ans: right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
9). Cardiac output
Ans: HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
10). Preload
Ans: The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
11). Afterload
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Correct Answers
1). Glomerulonephritis
Ans: The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-Ab complexes
- Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia, immunologic
responses, free radicals. SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus
Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation & deposition in glomerulus-
Activation of complement system & WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury & leakage-
Proteinuria/hematuria- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
OR
after glomerular injury & leakage- Coagulation cascade activation & FIbrin deposition-
Decreased capillary perfusion- decreased GFR- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
2). S1
Ans: -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
3). S2
Ans: - Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
4). Valvular stenosis
Ans: the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the forward flow of blood
and increasing the workload of the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased valve.
Intraventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to overcome resistance to flow
through the valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium to work harder, causing
myocardial hypertrophy.
5). Aortic stenosis
Ans: - LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
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, - Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
6). Mitral stenosis
Ans: - LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
7). Stroke volume
Ans: The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
8). Cor pulmonale
Ans: right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
9). Cardiac output
Ans: HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
10). Preload
Ans: The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
11). Afterload
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