Pharmacological Management of Type 2 Diabetes   Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology Diabetes type 2, also known as diabetes mellitus, is typified by the body's inadequate insulin response. This condition impedes peripheral tissues from taking up gl

Pharmacological Management of Type 2 Diabetes   Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology Diabetes type 2, also known as diabetes mellitus, is typified by the body's inadequate insulin response. This condition impedes peripheral tissues from taking up glucose. The human body has a normal blood sugar regulation process. When the amount of glucose in the blood is low, the liver is triggered to compensate for the shortage by converting glycogen to glucose. "Whenever glucose exceeds the normal range, pancreatic beta cells release the hormone insulin, which takes up glucose from blood through the glycogenesis process" (Galicia-Garcia et al. 2020). When the same level drops in a strenuous exercise, for instance, the insulin level declines. The onset of type 2 diabetes is due to a deficit in the amount of hormone insulin secreted by beta cells. Such an insulin deficiency in many diabetic patients is associated with beta cells' dysfunction and insulin action resistance in the peripheral tissue cells. As the condition progresses, glucose intolerance begins and becomes a chronic problem. Even so, the condition can be managed using various therapies. This paper focuses on the pharmacological agents used in the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes. Pharmacological agents Used in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Causes of diabetes type 2 can different, but the overall outcome is the reduced uptake of glucose. Additionally, insulin resistance is mediated by abdominal obesity genetic predisposing factors. Obesity has a strong correlation with the development of type 2 diabetes; for this reason that 80% of patients with diabetes type 2 are obese (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). In an intervention, the therapist should focus on therapeutic approaches that optimize the lipid values and achieve a standard glucose range. Currently, there are several strategies used in the treatment and management of diabetes type 2. These approaches are either physical or pharmacological. Physical therapy plays a crucial role in the management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. According to Bain et al. (2019), over 422 million Americans live with diabetes type 2, but over 70% of this number has thrived because of engaging the physical therapies. The main objective of the physical therapies involving physical activities is to reduce obese characteristics that exacerbate the disease. A clear understanding of the disease and its pathophysiology allows physical therapists to design the most appropriate physical therapies to regulate blood glucose levels and reduce obesity. Alongside the physical therapies, pharmacological agents have proven essential in managing diabetes type 2. This condition is progressive in nature, and hence it requires increasing pharmacological treatment with time. An advanced diabetes study by Bain et al. (2019) showed that only 8% of the patients attained glycosylated hemoglobin with diet or a single therapy with insulin alone or metformin. Those who used sulfonylurea alone and achieved a standard glucose range were 6% of the entire sick population. Each active treatment can improve the disease's status but cannot attain even 50% treatment of the failing beta cells. The necessity of therapeutic combinations stems from the fact that type 2 diabetes leads to progressive beta-cell function loss. The same progression triggers glycemic deterioration that occurs regardless of any single therapy in place. The traditional approach, which is still applicable to date, is stepwise in managing type 2 diabetes. It started with lifestyle modification involving medical nutrition therapy and exercise and proceeded to use an antidiabetic agent. Later on, a combination of at least 2 oral agents is appropriate before beginning insulin therapy. Treatment Goals It is imperative to define and establish treatment goals to know when a given therapy is not effective and adjust the treatment plan appropriately. There are proposed goals for hemoglobin A1, fasting, and peak postprandial glucose levels. The postprandial monitoring may not be regular. Other goals include patient-self monitoring of the glucose level and regular hemoglobin measurement after about three months to determine if the therapy should proceed or necessitate modification (American Diabetes Association. (2019). These goals are crucial in the optimal treatment and management of type 2 diabetes.