Maryville NUR 611 Patho Exam 3 (latest
Semester) Graded A+
1). Explain the pathophysiology associate with type 1 and type 2 dm. dm 1
Ans: Is the result of an autoimmune mediated specific loss of beta cells in the
pancreatic islet. One of the basic patho of type 2 DM is the development of insulin
resistant tissue cells.
2). Explain what occurs in panhypopituitarism
Ans: Panhypopituitarism is the term correctly associated with the lack of all anterior
pituitary hormones.
3). List the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism
Ans: The individual develops a low basal metabolic rate, cold intolerance, lethargy,
tiredness, and slightly lower basal body temperature.
4). Differentiate diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus and siadh
Ans: DM: is not a single disease but a group of clinical heterogeneous disorders that
have glucose intolerance in common.
DI: is an insufficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria and polydipsia.
SIADH: is characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic
stimuli for its release.
The symptom common to all these conditions is thirst.
5). What causes the microvascular complications of dm
Ans: Microvascular complications are a result of capillary basement membranes
thickening and endothelial cell hyperplasia.
6). What is the cause of diabetes insipidus
Ans: Inability of the kidney to increase permeability of water. This causes excretions of
large volumes of dilute urine, leading to increase in plasma osmolality.
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, 7). Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with addison's disease
Ans: Addison disease is a result of hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.
8). Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with hypoparathyroidism
Ans: The most common cause of hyperparathyroidism is damage caused during
thyroid surgery. In hypothyroidism a lack of circulating PTH causes a depressed serum
calcium level resulting in the symptomatology mentioned in the stem.
9). What are the causes and pathophysiological changes associate with ketoacidosis?
Ans: In a state of relative insulin deficiency there is an increase in insulin counter
regulating hormones including catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon, and GH.
Catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon and GH antagonize insulin by increasing glucose
production. In addition, these hormones decrease use of glucose. Profound insulin
deficiency results in decrease glucose uptake, increase fat mobilization with release if
fatty acids, and accelerated gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Ordinarily, ketones are
used by tissues as an energy source to regenerate bicarbonate. Hyperkalemia is a result
of a compensatory mechanism directed at eliminating metabolic acidosis.
10). What is acromegaly?
Ans: Acromegaly is a term for adults who have been exposed to continuously high
levels of GH, whereas the term gigantism is reserved for children and adolescents.
11). Differentiate hypothyroidism and graves' disease
Ans: One of the cause's hypothyroidism is a deficiency of endemic iodine.
Hypothyroidism are the lower levels of thyroid hormone, without the negative feedback of
TH in the pituitary, there is an increase secretion of TSH that may lead to goiter. As a
result in decreased energy metabolism resulting in constipation, regulatory mechanisms
are overridden by abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the stimulation of
excessive TH. The systemic symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis include hyperthermia and
tachycardia; the remaining options are not associated with this disorder.
12). Describe the pathophysiology related to chronic dm
Ans: A number of serious complications are associated with any type of DM and
include microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and macrovascular
(CAD, CVA, PVD) disease and infection.
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Semester) Graded A+
1). Explain the pathophysiology associate with type 1 and type 2 dm. dm 1
Ans: Is the result of an autoimmune mediated specific loss of beta cells in the
pancreatic islet. One of the basic patho of type 2 DM is the development of insulin
resistant tissue cells.
2). Explain what occurs in panhypopituitarism
Ans: Panhypopituitarism is the term correctly associated with the lack of all anterior
pituitary hormones.
3). List the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism
Ans: The individual develops a low basal metabolic rate, cold intolerance, lethargy,
tiredness, and slightly lower basal body temperature.
4). Differentiate diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus and siadh
Ans: DM: is not a single disease but a group of clinical heterogeneous disorders that
have glucose intolerance in common.
DI: is an insufficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria and polydipsia.
SIADH: is characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic
stimuli for its release.
The symptom common to all these conditions is thirst.
5). What causes the microvascular complications of dm
Ans: Microvascular complications are a result of capillary basement membranes
thickening and endothelial cell hyperplasia.
6). What is the cause of diabetes insipidus
Ans: Inability of the kidney to increase permeability of water. This causes excretions of
large volumes of dilute urine, leading to increase in plasma osmolality.
PaperStoc.com Page 1 of 10
, 7). Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with addison's disease
Ans: Addison disease is a result of hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.
8). Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with hypoparathyroidism
Ans: The most common cause of hyperparathyroidism is damage caused during
thyroid surgery. In hypothyroidism a lack of circulating PTH causes a depressed serum
calcium level resulting in the symptomatology mentioned in the stem.
9). What are the causes and pathophysiological changes associate with ketoacidosis?
Ans: In a state of relative insulin deficiency there is an increase in insulin counter
regulating hormones including catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon, and GH.
Catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon and GH antagonize insulin by increasing glucose
production. In addition, these hormones decrease use of glucose. Profound insulin
deficiency results in decrease glucose uptake, increase fat mobilization with release if
fatty acids, and accelerated gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Ordinarily, ketones are
used by tissues as an energy source to regenerate bicarbonate. Hyperkalemia is a result
of a compensatory mechanism directed at eliminating metabolic acidosis.
10). What is acromegaly?
Ans: Acromegaly is a term for adults who have been exposed to continuously high
levels of GH, whereas the term gigantism is reserved for children and adolescents.
11). Differentiate hypothyroidism and graves' disease
Ans: One of the cause's hypothyroidism is a deficiency of endemic iodine.
Hypothyroidism are the lower levels of thyroid hormone, without the negative feedback of
TH in the pituitary, there is an increase secretion of TSH that may lead to goiter. As a
result in decreased energy metabolism resulting in constipation, regulatory mechanisms
are overridden by abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the stimulation of
excessive TH. The systemic symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis include hyperthermia and
tachycardia; the remaining options are not associated with this disorder.
12). Describe the pathophysiology related to chronic dm
Ans: A number of serious complications are associated with any type of DM and
include microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and macrovascular
(CAD, CVA, PVD) disease and infection.
PaperStoc.com Page 2 of 10
