Illusion -- --==>> a false perception or a misperception of an actual stimulus in the
environment
Subliminal Perception -- --==>> the capacity to perceive and respond to stimuli that are
presented below the threshold of awareness
Extrasensory Perception -- --==>> gaining information about objects, events, or another
person's thoughts through some means other than the known sensory channels
Synesthesia -- --==>> the capacity for experiencing unusual sensations along with
ordinary ones
Sensation -- --==>> the process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory and
other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain
Perception -- --==>> the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets
sensory information
Absolute Threshold -- --==>> the minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be
detected 50% of the time
Just Noticeable Difference (JND) -- --==>> the smallest change in sensation that a person
is able to detect 50% of the time
Weber's Law -- --==>> the law stating that the JND for all the senses depends on a
proportion or percentage of change in a stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change
Sensory Receptors -- --==>> highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and
respond to one type of sensory stimulus and convert the stimuli into neural impulses
,Transduction -- --==>> the process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory
stimulation into neural impulses
Sensory Adaptation -- --==>> the process in which sensory receptors grow accustomed to
constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time
Inattentional Blindness -- --==>> the phenomenon in which we shift our focus from one
object to another and, in the process, fail to notice changes in objects to which we are not
directly paying attention
Bottom-up Processing -- --==>> information processing in which individual components
or bits of data are combined until a complete perception is formed
Top-down Processing -- --==>> information processing in which previous experience and
conceptual knowledge are applied to recognize the whole of a perception and thus easily
identify the simpler elements of that whole
Perceptual Set -- --==>> an expectation of what will be perceived, which can affect what
actually is perceived
Figure-ground -- --==>> one object that seems to stand out from the background
Similarity -- --==>> objects with similar characteristics that are perceived as units
Proximity -- --==>> objects that are close together that are perceived as units
Continuity -- --==>> objects that appear to form a pattern that are perceived as units
Closure -- --==>> figures with missing parts are perceived as whole figures
f
,Sleep apnea -- --==>> a sleep disorder characterized by periods during sleep
when breathing stops and the individual must awaken briefly in order to breathe
Insomnia -- --==>> a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying
asleep, by waking too early, or by sleep that is light, restless or of poor quality
REM Dream -- --==>> a type of dream occurring almost continuously during each
REM period and having a story-like quality; more vivid, visual and emotional than
NREM dreams
NREM Dream -- --==>> a type of dream occurring during NREM sleep that is
typically less frequent and less memorable than REM dreams are
Manifest Content -- --==>> Freud's term for the content of a dream as recalled by
the dreamer
Consciousness -- --==>> everything of which we are aware at any given time; our
thoughts, feelings, sensations and perception of the external environment
Sleep Cycle -- --==>> a period of sleep lasting about 90 minutes and including
one or more stages of NREM sleep, followed by REM sleep
NREM Sleep -- --==>> four sleep stages characterized by slow, regular
respiration and heart rate, little body movement and blood pressure and brain
activity that are at their 24-hr low points
Alpha Waves -- --==>> the brain wave pattern associated with deep relaxation
, Beta Waves -- --==>> the brain wave pattern associated with mental activity
Sleep Spindles -- --==>> sleep stage 2 brain waves that feature short periods of
calm interrupted by brief flashes of intense activity
Sleep Stages -- --==>>
REM Sleep -- --==>> a type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, fast
and irregular heart and respiration rates, increased brain-wave activity and vivid
dreams
REM Rebound -- --==>> the increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after
REM deprivation
Parasomnias -- --==>> sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological
states that normally take place only in the waking state occur while a person is
sleeping
Somnambulism -- --==>> Sleepwalking
Somniloquy -- --==>> Sleeptalking
Sleep terrors -- --==>> frightening dreams that occur during partial arousal from
Stage 4 sleep; sleeper springs up in a state of panic, usually shortly after falling
asleep
Nightmares -- --==>> Frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep; likely to
be remembered in vivid detail
Dyssomnias -- --==>> sleep disorders in which the timing, quantity or quality of
sleep is impaired
environment
Subliminal Perception -- --==>> the capacity to perceive and respond to stimuli that are
presented below the threshold of awareness
Extrasensory Perception -- --==>> gaining information about objects, events, or another
person's thoughts through some means other than the known sensory channels
Synesthesia -- --==>> the capacity for experiencing unusual sensations along with
ordinary ones
Sensation -- --==>> the process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory and
other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain
Perception -- --==>> the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets
sensory information
Absolute Threshold -- --==>> the minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be
detected 50% of the time
Just Noticeable Difference (JND) -- --==>> the smallest change in sensation that a person
is able to detect 50% of the time
Weber's Law -- --==>> the law stating that the JND for all the senses depends on a
proportion or percentage of change in a stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change
Sensory Receptors -- --==>> highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and
respond to one type of sensory stimulus and convert the stimuli into neural impulses
,Transduction -- --==>> the process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory
stimulation into neural impulses
Sensory Adaptation -- --==>> the process in which sensory receptors grow accustomed to
constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time
Inattentional Blindness -- --==>> the phenomenon in which we shift our focus from one
object to another and, in the process, fail to notice changes in objects to which we are not
directly paying attention
Bottom-up Processing -- --==>> information processing in which individual components
or bits of data are combined until a complete perception is formed
Top-down Processing -- --==>> information processing in which previous experience and
conceptual knowledge are applied to recognize the whole of a perception and thus easily
identify the simpler elements of that whole
Perceptual Set -- --==>> an expectation of what will be perceived, which can affect what
actually is perceived
Figure-ground -- --==>> one object that seems to stand out from the background
Similarity -- --==>> objects with similar characteristics that are perceived as units
Proximity -- --==>> objects that are close together that are perceived as units
Continuity -- --==>> objects that appear to form a pattern that are perceived as units
Closure -- --==>> figures with missing parts are perceived as whole figures
f
,Sleep apnea -- --==>> a sleep disorder characterized by periods during sleep
when breathing stops and the individual must awaken briefly in order to breathe
Insomnia -- --==>> a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying
asleep, by waking too early, or by sleep that is light, restless or of poor quality
REM Dream -- --==>> a type of dream occurring almost continuously during each
REM period and having a story-like quality; more vivid, visual and emotional than
NREM dreams
NREM Dream -- --==>> a type of dream occurring during NREM sleep that is
typically less frequent and less memorable than REM dreams are
Manifest Content -- --==>> Freud's term for the content of a dream as recalled by
the dreamer
Consciousness -- --==>> everything of which we are aware at any given time; our
thoughts, feelings, sensations and perception of the external environment
Sleep Cycle -- --==>> a period of sleep lasting about 90 minutes and including
one or more stages of NREM sleep, followed by REM sleep
NREM Sleep -- --==>> four sleep stages characterized by slow, regular
respiration and heart rate, little body movement and blood pressure and brain
activity that are at their 24-hr low points
Alpha Waves -- --==>> the brain wave pattern associated with deep relaxation
, Beta Waves -- --==>> the brain wave pattern associated with mental activity
Sleep Spindles -- --==>> sleep stage 2 brain waves that feature short periods of
calm interrupted by brief flashes of intense activity
Sleep Stages -- --==>>
REM Sleep -- --==>> a type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, fast
and irregular heart and respiration rates, increased brain-wave activity and vivid
dreams
REM Rebound -- --==>> the increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after
REM deprivation
Parasomnias -- --==>> sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological
states that normally take place only in the waking state occur while a person is
sleeping
Somnambulism -- --==>> Sleepwalking
Somniloquy -- --==>> Sleeptalking
Sleep terrors -- --==>> frightening dreams that occur during partial arousal from
Stage 4 sleep; sleeper springs up in a state of panic, usually shortly after falling
asleep
Nightmares -- --==>> Frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep; likely to
be remembered in vivid detail
Dyssomnias -- --==>> sleep disorders in which the timing, quantity or quality of
sleep is impaired
