Mental health ethics Questions and
Answers.
BEFORE 1900 -
-No mention in professional literature until 1931
-Most counseling informal; developed out of humanitarian concern to improve people's
lives in communities adversely affected by the Industrial Revolution
-Counseling was rooted in the Social Welfare Reform Movement: spread of public,
various changes in population makeup (e.g. immigration)
-Helping process was dominated by psychoanalytic theory (pathology)
1900-1909 -
-Frank Parsons
-Jesse B. Davis
-Clifford Beers
1908: Frank Parson -
-("Father of Guidance)
-Founded Boston's Vocational Bureau
-Major step in development of vocational counseling: 3 steps in career choice:
(1) Knowledge of work
(2) Knowledge of self
(3) Match the two
Jesse B. Davis: -
Set up
the first systematized
guidance program that
became the forerunner
of counseling:
1908: Clifford Beers -
an advocate for better mental health facilities and treatment of the mentally ill, wrote A
Mind That Found Itself
1910's -
-NVGA
-Army Alpha & Army Beta Intelligence Tests
-1st bulletin published in Journal of Counseling and Development
-The Vocational Guidance Movement developed without an explicit philosophy. It
quickly embraced psychometrics to gain a legitimate foothold in Psychology
,-Gave a more scientific identity to vocational guidance specialists, but also distracted
many from developments in other behavioral sciences (e.g. sociology, biology,
anthropology)
National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) -
-1913
-founded; 1st national professional organization in the counseling field
1913 -
-1st national professional organization in the counseling field founded
-First bulletin published in the Journal of Counseling & Development
1914-1918 -
Army Alpha & Army Beta Intelligence Tests developed to screen personnel during
World War I
1920's -
-1929: Abraham and Hannah Stone founded
1st marriage & family counseling center in
New York City
-1st standards for the preparation
and evaluation of occupational
materials: publication of new
psychological instruments (e.g.
Strong Vocational Interest Inventory, 1927)
1930's -
-1939: E. G. Williamson
Developed the Trait-Factor Theory (Minnesota Point View): Persons have traits
(aptitudes, interests, personalities, achievements) that can be integrated to form factors
(constellations of individual characteristics).
-1939: U.S. Employment
Services published 1st
Edition of the Dictionary
Of Occupational Titles
(DOT)
-Edward Throndike & John
Brewer challenged the vocational orientation.
1940's -
-1942: Carl Rogers published Counseling and Psychotherapy
Movement towards client-centered and away from counselor-centered therapy
-Gave the client the responsibility for their growth
-Therapists listens as non-judgmental; mirroring, reflecting
-Prior to Rogers, counselor was practical, dealing with testing. etc.
, 1940's continued -
-1939-1945: WWII: demand for selecting specialists, treatment of veterans, VA-funded
training of counselors and psychologists.
-1946: National Institute of Mental Health established; National Mental Health Act
passed, authorizing funds for research & training.
-Counseling as a profession began to move further away from its historical alliance with
vocational development.
10/4/1957 -
Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1
1950's -
-Decade singled out as the most profound impact on counselors
-At least 4 major events dramatically affected the history of counseling
-1952: American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) founded
-Concerned with educational and vocational guidance, personnel
-1952: Counseling Psychology (Division 17) of APA established
-Interested in working with a more "normal" population than seen by psychologists
-Concerned with human growth and development
-Wellness model
-National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
-Identify and promote scientifically and academically talented students
-Introduction of new guidance & counseling theories:
-Behavioral (e.g. systematic desensitization)
-Cognitive (e.g. Rational Emotive Therapy)
-Learning theories, Self-concept Theory
1960's -
-Vietnam War, Civil Rights Movement, & Women Rights Movement marked an increase
in focus on problems that were inherent in the larger society ...
-... Which, in turn, increased demand for crisis counseling and brief interventions
-Humanistic counseling theories (e.g. Maslow) and the group movement developed
-The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 established a nationwide system of
community mental health centers, serving a vital function in mental healthcare during a
time of deinstitutionalization, which ...
-Triggered a shift in Counselor Education programs away from school counselors and
toward community mental health counselors
1961 -
APGA published the firs Code of Ethics
1961-1962 -
-The Counseling Psychologist
-Personnel and Guidance Journal
1963 -
Answers.
BEFORE 1900 -
-No mention in professional literature until 1931
-Most counseling informal; developed out of humanitarian concern to improve people's
lives in communities adversely affected by the Industrial Revolution
-Counseling was rooted in the Social Welfare Reform Movement: spread of public,
various changes in population makeup (e.g. immigration)
-Helping process was dominated by psychoanalytic theory (pathology)
1900-1909 -
-Frank Parsons
-Jesse B. Davis
-Clifford Beers
1908: Frank Parson -
-("Father of Guidance)
-Founded Boston's Vocational Bureau
-Major step in development of vocational counseling: 3 steps in career choice:
(1) Knowledge of work
(2) Knowledge of self
(3) Match the two
Jesse B. Davis: -
Set up
the first systematized
guidance program that
became the forerunner
of counseling:
1908: Clifford Beers -
an advocate for better mental health facilities and treatment of the mentally ill, wrote A
Mind That Found Itself
1910's -
-NVGA
-Army Alpha & Army Beta Intelligence Tests
-1st bulletin published in Journal of Counseling and Development
-The Vocational Guidance Movement developed without an explicit philosophy. It
quickly embraced psychometrics to gain a legitimate foothold in Psychology
,-Gave a more scientific identity to vocational guidance specialists, but also distracted
many from developments in other behavioral sciences (e.g. sociology, biology,
anthropology)
National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) -
-1913
-founded; 1st national professional organization in the counseling field
1913 -
-1st national professional organization in the counseling field founded
-First bulletin published in the Journal of Counseling & Development
1914-1918 -
Army Alpha & Army Beta Intelligence Tests developed to screen personnel during
World War I
1920's -
-1929: Abraham and Hannah Stone founded
1st marriage & family counseling center in
New York City
-1st standards for the preparation
and evaluation of occupational
materials: publication of new
psychological instruments (e.g.
Strong Vocational Interest Inventory, 1927)
1930's -
-1939: E. G. Williamson
Developed the Trait-Factor Theory (Minnesota Point View): Persons have traits
(aptitudes, interests, personalities, achievements) that can be integrated to form factors
(constellations of individual characteristics).
-1939: U.S. Employment
Services published 1st
Edition of the Dictionary
Of Occupational Titles
(DOT)
-Edward Throndike & John
Brewer challenged the vocational orientation.
1940's -
-1942: Carl Rogers published Counseling and Psychotherapy
Movement towards client-centered and away from counselor-centered therapy
-Gave the client the responsibility for their growth
-Therapists listens as non-judgmental; mirroring, reflecting
-Prior to Rogers, counselor was practical, dealing with testing. etc.
, 1940's continued -
-1939-1945: WWII: demand for selecting specialists, treatment of veterans, VA-funded
training of counselors and psychologists.
-1946: National Institute of Mental Health established; National Mental Health Act
passed, authorizing funds for research & training.
-Counseling as a profession began to move further away from its historical alliance with
vocational development.
10/4/1957 -
Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1
1950's -
-Decade singled out as the most profound impact on counselors
-At least 4 major events dramatically affected the history of counseling
-1952: American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) founded
-Concerned with educational and vocational guidance, personnel
-1952: Counseling Psychology (Division 17) of APA established
-Interested in working with a more "normal" population than seen by psychologists
-Concerned with human growth and development
-Wellness model
-National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
-Identify and promote scientifically and academically talented students
-Introduction of new guidance & counseling theories:
-Behavioral (e.g. systematic desensitization)
-Cognitive (e.g. Rational Emotive Therapy)
-Learning theories, Self-concept Theory
1960's -
-Vietnam War, Civil Rights Movement, & Women Rights Movement marked an increase
in focus on problems that were inherent in the larger society ...
-... Which, in turn, increased demand for crisis counseling and brief interventions
-Humanistic counseling theories (e.g. Maslow) and the group movement developed
-The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 established a nationwide system of
community mental health centers, serving a vital function in mental healthcare during a
time of deinstitutionalization, which ...
-Triggered a shift in Counselor Education programs away from school counselors and
toward community mental health counselors
1961 -
APGA published the firs Code of Ethics
1961-1962 -
-The Counseling Psychologist
-Personnel and Guidance Journal
1963 -
