NR 509 Final exam| 91 Questions and answers | 2024
Know that in a 47-year-old man ED is usually ___________ rather than
testosterone Answ - psychologic
Erectile dysfunction may be from psychogenic causes, especially if Answ - early
morning erection is preserved.
it may also reflect decreased testosterone, decreased blood flow in the hypogastric
arterial system, impaired neural innervation, and diabetes
When performing a breast exam, know what abnormal masses should do when the
arm Answ - may be fixed to skin or underlying tissues (may cause dimpling of
skin or retraction when arms are lifted over head or hands are pressed against hips)
Fibroadenoma and cysts mobility Answ - very mobile/mobile
Know that a high proportion of breast masses are noted during ________ Answ -
BSE
Breast stage 1 Answ - preadolescent- elevation of nipple only
Breast stage 2 Answ - breast bud stage- elevation of breast and nipple as a small
mound; enlargement of areolar diameter
breast stage 3 Answ - further enlargement of elevation of breast and areola, with
no separation of their contours
breast stage 4 Answ - projection of areola and nipple to form a secondary mound
above the level of breast
breast stage 5 Answ - mature stage- projection of nipple only; areola has receded
to general contour of the breast (although in some individuals the areola continues
to form a secondary mound)
Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: acute Answ - epigastric, may
radiation straight to the back of other areas of the abdomen; 20% with severe
sequelae of organ failure
, Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: chronic Answ - epigastric, radiating
to back
Know how hepatitis A is transmitted Answ - Transmitted through fecal-oral route.
Fecal shedding followed by poor handwashing contaminates water and foods
leading to infection of household and sexual contacts
Stress incontinence Answ - the urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
increases in intra-abdominal pressure raise the bladder pressure to levels that
exceed urethral resistance. Causes include childbirth and surgery, postmenopausal
atrophy of the mucosa, and urethral infection. May follow prostate surgery in men.
urge incontinence Answ - detrusor contractions are stronger than normal and
overcome the normal urethral resistance. The bladder is typically small.
Mechanisms: Decreased cortical inhibition of detrusor contractions from stroke,
brain tumor, dementia, and lesions of the spinal cord above sacral level. Also
hyperexcitability of sensory pathways ie: bladder infections, tumors, and fecal
impaction. Deconditioning of voiding reflexes ie: frequent voluntary voiding at
low bladder volumes.
overflow incontinence Answ - detrusor contractions are insufficient to overcome
urethral resistance, causing urinary retention. The bladder is typically flaccid and
large, even after an effort to void. Mechanisms: obstruction of the bladder outlet ie:
BPH or tumor. Weakness of the detrusor muscle associated with peripheral nerve
disease at S2-4 level. Impaired bladder sensation that interrupts the reflex arc ie:
diabetic neuropathy.
functional incontinence Answ - the patient is functionally able to reach the toilet
in time because of impaired health or environmental conditions. Mechanism:
problems in mobility resulting from weakness, arthritis, poor vision, or other
conditions. Also environmental factors such as an unfamiliar setting, distant
bathroom facilities, bed rails, or physical restraints.
Incontinence secondary to medications Answ - drugs may contribute to any type
of incontinence listed. Ex: sedatives, tranquilizers, anticholinergics, sympathetic
blockers, and potent diuretics
Know where lymph nodes should be with strep Answ - · Strep throat
àstreptococcal pharyngitis, bacterial infection that may cause a sore, scratchy
throat
Know that in a 47-year-old man ED is usually ___________ rather than
testosterone Answ - psychologic
Erectile dysfunction may be from psychogenic causes, especially if Answ - early
morning erection is preserved.
it may also reflect decreased testosterone, decreased blood flow in the hypogastric
arterial system, impaired neural innervation, and diabetes
When performing a breast exam, know what abnormal masses should do when the
arm Answ - may be fixed to skin or underlying tissues (may cause dimpling of
skin or retraction when arms are lifted over head or hands are pressed against hips)
Fibroadenoma and cysts mobility Answ - very mobile/mobile
Know that a high proportion of breast masses are noted during ________ Answ -
BSE
Breast stage 1 Answ - preadolescent- elevation of nipple only
Breast stage 2 Answ - breast bud stage- elevation of breast and nipple as a small
mound; enlargement of areolar diameter
breast stage 3 Answ - further enlargement of elevation of breast and areola, with
no separation of their contours
breast stage 4 Answ - projection of areola and nipple to form a secondary mound
above the level of breast
breast stage 5 Answ - mature stage- projection of nipple only; areola has receded
to general contour of the breast (although in some individuals the areola continues
to form a secondary mound)
Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: acute Answ - epigastric, may
radiation straight to the back of other areas of the abdomen; 20% with severe
sequelae of organ failure
, Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: chronic Answ - epigastric, radiating
to back
Know how hepatitis A is transmitted Answ - Transmitted through fecal-oral route.
Fecal shedding followed by poor handwashing contaminates water and foods
leading to infection of household and sexual contacts
Stress incontinence Answ - the urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
increases in intra-abdominal pressure raise the bladder pressure to levels that
exceed urethral resistance. Causes include childbirth and surgery, postmenopausal
atrophy of the mucosa, and urethral infection. May follow prostate surgery in men.
urge incontinence Answ - detrusor contractions are stronger than normal and
overcome the normal urethral resistance. The bladder is typically small.
Mechanisms: Decreased cortical inhibition of detrusor contractions from stroke,
brain tumor, dementia, and lesions of the spinal cord above sacral level. Also
hyperexcitability of sensory pathways ie: bladder infections, tumors, and fecal
impaction. Deconditioning of voiding reflexes ie: frequent voluntary voiding at
low bladder volumes.
overflow incontinence Answ - detrusor contractions are insufficient to overcome
urethral resistance, causing urinary retention. The bladder is typically flaccid and
large, even after an effort to void. Mechanisms: obstruction of the bladder outlet ie:
BPH or tumor. Weakness of the detrusor muscle associated with peripheral nerve
disease at S2-4 level. Impaired bladder sensation that interrupts the reflex arc ie:
diabetic neuropathy.
functional incontinence Answ - the patient is functionally able to reach the toilet
in time because of impaired health or environmental conditions. Mechanism:
problems in mobility resulting from weakness, arthritis, poor vision, or other
conditions. Also environmental factors such as an unfamiliar setting, distant
bathroom facilities, bed rails, or physical restraints.
Incontinence secondary to medications Answ - drugs may contribute to any type
of incontinence listed. Ex: sedatives, tranquilizers, anticholinergics, sympathetic
blockers, and potent diuretics
Know where lymph nodes should be with strep Answ - · Strep throat
àstreptococcal pharyngitis, bacterial infection that may cause a sore, scratchy
throat
