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Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices
Aim- to assess the analytical ability of the examinee with
the help of Raven's Standard Progressive Method.
Basic concept:-
● Cognition- The Mental abilities associated with thought, decision
making, language and other higher mental processes. Cognition is a
general term used to denote thinking,and many other aspects of our
higher mental processes. Cognitive processes examine the nature of
thinking and activity that involves the manipulation of mental
representation of various features of the external world thinking
including reasoning mental ability through which we transfer available
information in order to reach conclusion decision making. The
process of choosing between two or more alternatives on the basis of
information about them.We will examine several aspects of problem
solving which typically involves processing information in various
ways in order to move towards desired goal. Then we will examine an
aspect of cognition that provides the basis for much of the ability
occurring in each of the processes, primarily because language plays
a crucial role in almost all aspects of daily life and its passion and
high degree of development is perhaps the single most important
defining characteristic of our species.
Cognitive activities are subject to many forms of errors and distortion.
When we think of reasons, make decisions about all problems and use
language. We don't always do so in ways that would appear
completely rational to an outside observer as we examine each
aspect of cognition therefore we call attention to these potential
sources of distortion because the nature of such errors can shed
important sight on the nature of cognitive development and nature of
effect.
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Analytical ability:- Analytical thinking is a powerful thinking tool - for
understanding the parts of a situation. It is defined as:
● - The ability to scrutinize and break down facts and thoughts into their
strengths and weaknesses.
● - Developing the capacity to think in a thoughtful, discerning way, to
solve problems, analyze data, and recall and use information
(i) Reasoning- One aspect of intelligent thinking is the
ability to reason and think logically. Such thinking helps us
acquire knowledge, make sound decisions, and
solve problems. Reasoning helps us avoid the hazards
and time-consuming efforts of trial and error. Most of the
time, people solve problems by developing solutions in
their minds before applying them in the external world. For
example, if you decide to build a bookcase, you are
unlikely to nail or screw boards together at random in the
hope that the finished product will serve your purposes.
Instead, you will develop mental representations to guide
your efforts, such as a visual image of the finished product
and general principles for its successful construction (e.g.,
“build from the bottom up)
Types of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning:
In deductive reasoning, we reason from the top down, that
is, from general principles to a conclusion about a specific
case. When people reason deductively, they begin with a
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set of premises(propositions assumed to be true) and
determine what the premises imply about a specific
situation. Deductive reasoning is the basis of formal
mathematics and logic.
Logicians regard it as the strongest and most valid form of
reasoning because the conclusion cannot be false if the
premises (factual statements) are true. Given the general
proposition “if X then Y,” if X occurs, then you can infer Y.
If all humans are mortal (first premise), and if Socrates is a
human (second premise), then Socrates must be mortal
(conclusion)
Inductive Reasoning
In inductive reasoning, we reason from the bottom up,
starting with specific facts and trying to develop a general
principle. Scientists use induction when they discover
general principles, or laws, as a result of observing a
number of specific instances of a phe nomenon. for
example- A college student who experiences repeated
negative consequences when she gets drunk may
eventually conclude that binge drinking is a high-risk
behavior to be avoided.
Stumbling blocks in Reasoning- The ability to reason
effectively is a key factor in critical thinking, in making
sound decisions, and in solving problems. Unfortunately,
several factors may prevent us from selecting the
information needed to draw sound conclusions.
Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices
Aim- to assess the analytical ability of the examinee with
the help of Raven's Standard Progressive Method.
Basic concept:-
● Cognition- The Mental abilities associated with thought, decision
making, language and other higher mental processes. Cognition is a
general term used to denote thinking,and many other aspects of our
higher mental processes. Cognitive processes examine the nature of
thinking and activity that involves the manipulation of mental
representation of various features of the external world thinking
including reasoning mental ability through which we transfer available
information in order to reach conclusion decision making. The
process of choosing between two or more alternatives on the basis of
information about them.We will examine several aspects of problem
solving which typically involves processing information in various
ways in order to move towards desired goal. Then we will examine an
aspect of cognition that provides the basis for much of the ability
occurring in each of the processes, primarily because language plays
a crucial role in almost all aspects of daily life and its passion and
high degree of development is perhaps the single most important
defining characteristic of our species.
Cognitive activities are subject to many forms of errors and distortion.
When we think of reasons, make decisions about all problems and use
language. We don't always do so in ways that would appear
completely rational to an outside observer as we examine each
aspect of cognition therefore we call attention to these potential
sources of distortion because the nature of such errors can shed
important sight on the nature of cognitive development and nature of
effect.
, 2
Analytical ability:- Analytical thinking is a powerful thinking tool - for
understanding the parts of a situation. It is defined as:
● - The ability to scrutinize and break down facts and thoughts into their
strengths and weaknesses.
● - Developing the capacity to think in a thoughtful, discerning way, to
solve problems, analyze data, and recall and use information
(i) Reasoning- One aspect of intelligent thinking is the
ability to reason and think logically. Such thinking helps us
acquire knowledge, make sound decisions, and
solve problems. Reasoning helps us avoid the hazards
and time-consuming efforts of trial and error. Most of the
time, people solve problems by developing solutions in
their minds before applying them in the external world. For
example, if you decide to build a bookcase, you are
unlikely to nail or screw boards together at random in the
hope that the finished product will serve your purposes.
Instead, you will develop mental representations to guide
your efforts, such as a visual image of the finished product
and general principles for its successful construction (e.g.,
“build from the bottom up)
Types of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning:
In deductive reasoning, we reason from the top down, that
is, from general principles to a conclusion about a specific
case. When people reason deductively, they begin with a
, 3
set of premises(propositions assumed to be true) and
determine what the premises imply about a specific
situation. Deductive reasoning is the basis of formal
mathematics and logic.
Logicians regard it as the strongest and most valid form of
reasoning because the conclusion cannot be false if the
premises (factual statements) are true. Given the general
proposition “if X then Y,” if X occurs, then you can infer Y.
If all humans are mortal (first premise), and if Socrates is a
human (second premise), then Socrates must be mortal
(conclusion)
Inductive Reasoning
In inductive reasoning, we reason from the bottom up,
starting with specific facts and trying to develop a general
principle. Scientists use induction when they discover
general principles, or laws, as a result of observing a
number of specific instances of a phe nomenon. for
example- A college student who experiences repeated
negative consequences when she gets drunk may
eventually conclude that binge drinking is a high-risk
behavior to be avoided.
Stumbling blocks in Reasoning- The ability to reason
effectively is a key factor in critical thinking, in making
sound decisions, and in solving problems. Unfortunately,
several factors may prevent us from selecting the
information needed to draw sound conclusions.
