Chapter 1: HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS principles in scientific management of labor
were discussed in detail.
Australopitec’s tools
Paleolit tools FREDERICK W. TAYLOR (1900’S) - Scientific
Contemporary tools Management, a method that improved worker
efficiency by improving the job process, became
5th Century BCE
popular. He was a pioneer of this approach and
Ancient Greece – used ergonomic principles in
evaluated jobs to determine the “One Best
the design of their tools, jobs, and workplaces.
Way” they could be performed.
Hippocrates - description of how a surgeon’s - Research for work capability
workplace should be designed and how the - Work time measurement
tools he uses should be arranged. - Scientific method of work organizing
- Scientific management
World War II – development of new and - 1903 – Shop Management
complex machines and weaponry. - 1911 – Scientific Management
- New demands on operators’ cognition FRANK AND LILLIAN GILBRETH - Time and
- Key success factors: Motion studies made jobs more efficient and
- hand-eye coordination of the less fatiguing through time motion analysis and
machine’s operator standardizing tools, materials and the job
- decision making process.
- attention - Improving efficiency by eliminating
- situational awareness unnecessary steps and actions. Ex. Brick laying
- Pilot error reduction
THERBLIG - classification of work activities
The Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840) – was a
time when people began producing goods and ALPHONSE CHAPANIS (1917-2002) –
things by machine instead of by hand. Psychological and Brain Sciences at Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore.
- Factory machinery and equipment - Founding Father of Ergonomics, the science of
being built with design human factors in engineering design.
considerations to what we think of - Improving the safety of aircraft cockpits, the
today’s “ergonomics”. Those designs design of the standard telephone touchpad,
were created to increase the speed teleconferencing, safety labels, colorblindness,
and efficiency of production. night vision, digitized speech, and human-
MODERN ERGONOMICS - Includes the work of computer interaction are just some of the
Industrial Engineers, occupational medical projects he pioneered in his lifetime.
physicians, safety engineers.
NOTABLE PERSONS IN ERGONOMICS AND CHAPTER 1.1: ERGONOMICS
THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS:
DEFINITION AND SCOPE
WOJCIECH JASTRZĘBOWSKI, IN 1857.
- He is a Polish Scholar who coined the term ERGONOMICS – literally means the study or
Ergonomics, became widely known when his measurement of work. (William T. Singleton)
book in Polish was reprinted with English
➢ It extends beyond work as labor for
translation in 1997.
monetary gain.
ERGON = work
NOMOS/NOMOI = law or natural law ➢ Incorporate all activities whereby a
rational human systematically pursue an
BERNARDO RAMAZZINI (1633-1714)
objective
- … In a word, they lack the benefits of
moderate exercise…” ➢ In this context, the term work signifies
- an Italian physician, that the relationship purposeful human function; it extends
between working conditions and pathology was beyond the more restricted concept of
first systematized from an occupational health work as labour for monetary gain to
, ➢ Education and training influence human behavior and well-
being.
➢ Health and social service
4. Objective Data: Empirical information
➢ Government service
and evaluation is key in design process,
➢ Industry work rather than just use of “common sense”
➢ Controlling engineered system (or 5. Scientific Method: Test and retest
using/adapting a mechanized system) hypothesis with real data, rather than
“anecdotal” evidence or “good
Thus it includes sports and other leisure estimates”
activities, domestic work such as child care and
home maintenance, education and training, 6. Systems: object, procedures,
health and social service, and either controlling environments, and people are
engineered systems or adapting to them, for interconnected, affect one another, and
example, as a passenger in a vehicle. do not exist in “isolation”
FOCUS OF ERGONOMICS LIFE-CYCLE OF PRODUCTS, PROCEDURES, AND
SYSTEMS
HUMAN
1. Initial Idea: driven by customers,
- WORKER technology change, competitors,
- OPERATOR problems, needs.
- EMPLOYEE
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 2. Requirements: user, manufacturer,
standards, government, cost, profit,
OBJECTIVES marketing/sales
- To improve the relationship b/w people,
equipment, workplace and environment 3. Concepts: design alternatives,
comparison, choose best one.
- To increase work efficiency and productivity
4. Design: detail parts, integrating with
- To promote safety and comfort at work station rest of system, prototype testing,
- To reduce physical workloads optimization.
- To minimize risk of injury, illness, accidents and 5. Manufacturing: material, processes,
errors without compromising productivity. assembly
FIELDS THAT INTERACT WITH ERGONOMICS 6. Distribution/Sale: shipping, display,
delivery, installation, warranty
7. Use: security, safety, access,
maintenance, repair
8. Disposal: toxicity, recycling, reusability,
upgrade
CHAPTER 2: ILLUMINATION
MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM
The man-machine system is a close cycle system
with the following components:
ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN
1. Display of information on the machine.
Six Pillars of Ergonomic Design “Wisdom”
2. Perception of all information on display.
1. User Orientation: Design and
application of tools, procedures, and 3. Interpretation and taking decision in the
systems must be user-oriented, rather light of his knowledge.
than just “task” oriented
4. Communicate the decision to machine.
were discussed in detail.
Australopitec’s tools
Paleolit tools FREDERICK W. TAYLOR (1900’S) - Scientific
Contemporary tools Management, a method that improved worker
efficiency by improving the job process, became
5th Century BCE
popular. He was a pioneer of this approach and
Ancient Greece – used ergonomic principles in
evaluated jobs to determine the “One Best
the design of their tools, jobs, and workplaces.
Way” they could be performed.
Hippocrates - description of how a surgeon’s - Research for work capability
workplace should be designed and how the - Work time measurement
tools he uses should be arranged. - Scientific method of work organizing
- Scientific management
World War II – development of new and - 1903 – Shop Management
complex machines and weaponry. - 1911 – Scientific Management
- New demands on operators’ cognition FRANK AND LILLIAN GILBRETH - Time and
- Key success factors: Motion studies made jobs more efficient and
- hand-eye coordination of the less fatiguing through time motion analysis and
machine’s operator standardizing tools, materials and the job
- decision making process.
- attention - Improving efficiency by eliminating
- situational awareness unnecessary steps and actions. Ex. Brick laying
- Pilot error reduction
THERBLIG - classification of work activities
The Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840) – was a
time when people began producing goods and ALPHONSE CHAPANIS (1917-2002) –
things by machine instead of by hand. Psychological and Brain Sciences at Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore.
- Factory machinery and equipment - Founding Father of Ergonomics, the science of
being built with design human factors in engineering design.
considerations to what we think of - Improving the safety of aircraft cockpits, the
today’s “ergonomics”. Those designs design of the standard telephone touchpad,
were created to increase the speed teleconferencing, safety labels, colorblindness,
and efficiency of production. night vision, digitized speech, and human-
MODERN ERGONOMICS - Includes the work of computer interaction are just some of the
Industrial Engineers, occupational medical projects he pioneered in his lifetime.
physicians, safety engineers.
NOTABLE PERSONS IN ERGONOMICS AND CHAPTER 1.1: ERGONOMICS
THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS:
DEFINITION AND SCOPE
WOJCIECH JASTRZĘBOWSKI, IN 1857.
- He is a Polish Scholar who coined the term ERGONOMICS – literally means the study or
Ergonomics, became widely known when his measurement of work. (William T. Singleton)
book in Polish was reprinted with English
➢ It extends beyond work as labor for
translation in 1997.
monetary gain.
ERGON = work
NOMOS/NOMOI = law or natural law ➢ Incorporate all activities whereby a
rational human systematically pursue an
BERNARDO RAMAZZINI (1633-1714)
objective
- … In a word, they lack the benefits of
moderate exercise…” ➢ In this context, the term work signifies
- an Italian physician, that the relationship purposeful human function; it extends
between working conditions and pathology was beyond the more restricted concept of
first systematized from an occupational health work as labour for monetary gain to
, ➢ Education and training influence human behavior and well-
being.
➢ Health and social service
4. Objective Data: Empirical information
➢ Government service
and evaluation is key in design process,
➢ Industry work rather than just use of “common sense”
➢ Controlling engineered system (or 5. Scientific Method: Test and retest
using/adapting a mechanized system) hypothesis with real data, rather than
“anecdotal” evidence or “good
Thus it includes sports and other leisure estimates”
activities, domestic work such as child care and
home maintenance, education and training, 6. Systems: object, procedures,
health and social service, and either controlling environments, and people are
engineered systems or adapting to them, for interconnected, affect one another, and
example, as a passenger in a vehicle. do not exist in “isolation”
FOCUS OF ERGONOMICS LIFE-CYCLE OF PRODUCTS, PROCEDURES, AND
SYSTEMS
HUMAN
1. Initial Idea: driven by customers,
- WORKER technology change, competitors,
- OPERATOR problems, needs.
- EMPLOYEE
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 2. Requirements: user, manufacturer,
standards, government, cost, profit,
OBJECTIVES marketing/sales
- To improve the relationship b/w people,
equipment, workplace and environment 3. Concepts: design alternatives,
comparison, choose best one.
- To increase work efficiency and productivity
4. Design: detail parts, integrating with
- To promote safety and comfort at work station rest of system, prototype testing,
- To reduce physical workloads optimization.
- To minimize risk of injury, illness, accidents and 5. Manufacturing: material, processes,
errors without compromising productivity. assembly
FIELDS THAT INTERACT WITH ERGONOMICS 6. Distribution/Sale: shipping, display,
delivery, installation, warranty
7. Use: security, safety, access,
maintenance, repair
8. Disposal: toxicity, recycling, reusability,
upgrade
CHAPTER 2: ILLUMINATION
MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM
The man-machine system is a close cycle system
with the following components:
ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN
1. Display of information on the machine.
Six Pillars of Ergonomic Design “Wisdom”
2. Perception of all information on display.
1. User Orientation: Design and
application of tools, procedures, and 3. Interpretation and taking decision in the
systems must be user-oriented, rather light of his knowledge.
than just “task” oriented
4. Communicate the decision to machine.
