NUR 242 Exam 2 Questions and Correct
Answers, With Complete Solution 2024/2025.
100%
List the parts of the chain of infection (in order):
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- mode of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
infectious agent
something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite(s), or prion(s)
reservoir
the habitat of the infectious agent and is where it lives, grows, and reproduces itself or
replicates
animate examples: people, insects, birds, animals
inanimate examples: contaminated soil, water, food, medical equipment, IV fluids, feces
portal of exit
the means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir
examples: any body orifice (ears, nose, or mouth), the skin, or blood or body fluids that
leave the body through coughing, sneezing, etc.
mode of transmission
how a bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite, or prion moves from place to place
contact transmission
occurs when microorganisms move from an infected person to another person
droplet transmission
occurs when airborne droplets from the respiratory tract of a client travel through the air
and into the mucosa of a host
can be from sneezing, coughing, singing, and talking
medical procedures like CPR and intubation can release droplets into the air
airborne transmission
occurs when small particulates move into the airspace of another person and carry
infectious agents
these patients should be placed in a private room with negative air pressure (circulates
the air outside of the building)
portal of entry
,provides a place for an infectious agent to enter the individual so it can replicate or its
toxin can act
examples: any body orifice or the skin
List factors that increase host susceptibility (8):
- age
- underlying disease (like HIV/AIDS)
- malignancy
- transplants
- medications (like immunosuppressants, antirejection meds, etc.)
- surgical procedures
- radiation therapy
- indwelling devices (like urinary catheters, central lines, etc.)
List the modes of transmission (5):
- contact
- droplet
- airborne
- vector
- vehicle
vehicle transmission
transmission of infectious agents to multiple individuals through a common source, such
as contaminated food or water
example: food contaminated with e. coli
vector transmission
transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an inset or rodent
examples: mosquitoes and rats
Who can be a susceptible host? (4)
- elderly
- infants
- immunocompromised
- anyone
What are the 2 types of contact transmission?
- direct
- indirect
direct contact
transmission occurs when microorganisms are directly moved from the infected person
to another person without having a contaminated object or person between the 2
indirect contact
transmission occurs when microorganisms are moved from the infected person to
another person with a contaminated object or person between the 2
List infections caused by airborne transmission (3):
- tuberculosis
- rubeola (measles)
- varicella (chickenpox)
, List 2 infections spread through droplet transmission:
- influenza virus
- Bordetella pertussis
What type of transmission is the following an example of?
A patient has a draining, infected wound. The drainage touches a cut on the
nurse's skin, leading to infection.
direct contact transmission
What type of transmission is the following an example of?
A patient who has a respiratory infection sneezes without covering the mouth and
nose. A person a few feet away becomes infected because large mucus particles
land in their mouth.
droplet transmission
What type of transmission is the following an example of?
A patient who coughed in their hand touches a door handle. Another person
touches the same door handle and becomes infected with the same pathogen as
the patient.
indirect contact transmission
What type of transmission is the following an example of?
A nurse enters a room where a patient who has a respirator infection was present
for several hours. The nurse inhales small particles that remain in the air and
develops an infection.
airborne transmission
What are the 3 types of body defenses?
- barriers (physical or chemical)
- nonspecific immunity
- specific immunity
What is the primary physical defense mechanism of the body?
the skin
List the 3 major functions of the skin:
- reduce loss of water
- protect against abrasion and microorganisms
- provide a permeable barrier against the environment
What things diminish skin integrity? (6)
- dry/cracked skin
- adhesive tape
- some chemicals
- unintentional injury
- intentional breaks in the skin
- insect bites
skin tear
Answers, With Complete Solution 2024/2025.
100%
List the parts of the chain of infection (in order):
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- mode of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
infectious agent
something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite(s), or prion(s)
reservoir
the habitat of the infectious agent and is where it lives, grows, and reproduces itself or
replicates
animate examples: people, insects, birds, animals
inanimate examples: contaminated soil, water, food, medical equipment, IV fluids, feces
portal of exit
the means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir
examples: any body orifice (ears, nose, or mouth), the skin, or blood or body fluids that
leave the body through coughing, sneezing, etc.
mode of transmission
how a bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite, or prion moves from place to place
contact transmission
occurs when microorganisms move from an infected person to another person
droplet transmission
occurs when airborne droplets from the respiratory tract of a client travel through the air
and into the mucosa of a host
can be from sneezing, coughing, singing, and talking
medical procedures like CPR and intubation can release droplets into the air
airborne transmission
occurs when small particulates move into the airspace of another person and carry
infectious agents
these patients should be placed in a private room with negative air pressure (circulates
the air outside of the building)
portal of entry
,provides a place for an infectious agent to enter the individual so it can replicate or its
toxin can act
examples: any body orifice or the skin
List factors that increase host susceptibility (8):
- age
- underlying disease (like HIV/AIDS)
- malignancy
- transplants
- medications (like immunosuppressants, antirejection meds, etc.)
- surgical procedures
- radiation therapy
- indwelling devices (like urinary catheters, central lines, etc.)
List the modes of transmission (5):
- contact
- droplet
- airborne
- vector
- vehicle
vehicle transmission
transmission of infectious agents to multiple individuals through a common source, such
as contaminated food or water
example: food contaminated with e. coli
vector transmission
transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an inset or rodent
examples: mosquitoes and rats
Who can be a susceptible host? (4)
- elderly
- infants
- immunocompromised
- anyone
What are the 2 types of contact transmission?
- direct
- indirect
direct contact
transmission occurs when microorganisms are directly moved from the infected person
to another person without having a contaminated object or person between the 2
indirect contact
transmission occurs when microorganisms are moved from the infected person to
another person with a contaminated object or person between the 2
List infections caused by airborne transmission (3):
- tuberculosis
- rubeola (measles)
- varicella (chickenpox)
, List 2 infections spread through droplet transmission:
- influenza virus
- Bordetella pertussis
What type of transmission is the following an example of?
A patient has a draining, infected wound. The drainage touches a cut on the
nurse's skin, leading to infection.
direct contact transmission
What type of transmission is the following an example of?
A patient who has a respiratory infection sneezes without covering the mouth and
nose. A person a few feet away becomes infected because large mucus particles
land in their mouth.
droplet transmission
What type of transmission is the following an example of?
A patient who coughed in their hand touches a door handle. Another person
touches the same door handle and becomes infected with the same pathogen as
the patient.
indirect contact transmission
What type of transmission is the following an example of?
A nurse enters a room where a patient who has a respirator infection was present
for several hours. The nurse inhales small particles that remain in the air and
develops an infection.
airborne transmission
What are the 3 types of body defenses?
- barriers (physical or chemical)
- nonspecific immunity
- specific immunity
What is the primary physical defense mechanism of the body?
the skin
List the 3 major functions of the skin:
- reduce loss of water
- protect against abrasion and microorganisms
- provide a permeable barrier against the environment
What things diminish skin integrity? (6)
- dry/cracked skin
- adhesive tape
- some chemicals
- unintentional injury
- intentional breaks in the skin
- insect bites
skin tear
