What is the likely diagnosis in a farmer that
presents to the hospital with agitation,
vomiting, and watery eyes? Physical exam What is the Calcium gluconate or insulin with glucose is
reveals 1 mm pupils bilaterally and increased recommended treatment for anticholinergic poisoning? typically reserved for hyperkalemia in patients
bowel sounds. with ECG changes, K+ > 6.5 mEq, or rapidly
physostigmine (cholinesterase inhibitor) rising K+
Organophosphate (acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor) poisoning
What is the current recommended screening
regimen for bladder cancer?
Diagnosis of acute urinary retention is Patients age > 35 with gross hematuria should be
confirmed by bladder ultrasound demonstrating evaluated for urological neoplasms with CT urogram Not recommended, even in patients with
> 300 mL of urine (diagnostic imaging) and cystoscopy significant smoking and family histories
Dietary recommendations for patients with What class of antibiotics used to treat severe
renal calculi include increased fluid intake, gram-negative infections is potentially
Nephrotic syndrome is defined as proteinuria (> 3.5g /
nephrotoxic?
decreased Na+ intake, and normal 24 hr) with hypoalbuminemia and edema
Ca2+ intake Aminoglycosides
What is the most common cause of abnormal What is the likely underlying etiology of kidney disease
What is the most common cause of
hemostasis (RL cầm máu) in patients with with GBM thickening-dày màng đáy, mesangial-gian
glomerulonephritis in adults?
chronic renal failure? mạch expansion, and glomerular sclerosis?
IgA nephropathy
Platelet dysfunction Diabetic nephropathy
What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with
a renal transplant for 3 days who presents
with oliguria, elevated creatinine/BUN, What is recommended treatment for an acute rejection What side effect may thiazide diuretics have on
lymphocytic infiltration on biopsy, and of a renal transplant? serum Na+ levels?
normal serum cyclosporine levels?
IV steroids Hyponatremia
Acute transplant rejection
Thải ghép cấp
What is the most common type of kidney What is the most significant risk factor for
What does positive nitrites on urine dipstick indicate?
stone? tuberculosis in the U.S.?
Gram negative bacteria
Calcium oxalate Emigration from an endemic area
What regions of the lung are most commonly
involved in supine patients with aspiration
pneumonia? When using a ventilator, the goal is to keep When using a ventilator, the goal is to keep
SpO2 between 88 - 95% PaO2 between 55 - 80 mmHg
posterior segments of upper lobe and superior
segments of lower lobe
What is the most common adverse
What is the best treatment for hypersensitivity What bacteria is the most common cause of community-
effect associated with inhaled corticosteroids?
pneumonitis? acquired pneumonia?
Oroparyngeal candidiasis (oral thrush)
Avoidance of the responsible antigen Streptococcus pneumoniae
Nấm miệng
,How does the A - a gradient change in patients
Renal biopsy showing linear IgG antibodies along the The underlying histopathologic lesion of
with pulmonary embolism?
glomerular basement membrane is diagnostic sarcoidosis is non-caseating granulomas on tissu
for Goodpasture's disease biopsy
Increased (V/Q mismatch)
Ventilation, and thus PaCO2, in mechanically Ventilation, and thus PaCO2, in mechanically In general, tidal volumes in mechanically
ventilated patients may be altered by changing ventilated patients may be altered by changing either ventilated patients should be about 6 ml/kg of
either respiratory rate or tidal volume respiratory rate or tidal volume ideal body weight
What is the best initial step in management for a
stabilized patient with unlikely PE (modified Wel
criteria) who has no absolute contraindications
to anticoagulation?
Obtain diagnostic test (e.g. D-dimer assay)
Which type of lung cancer is associated with
hypercalcemia (ectopic PTHrP production)? Which type of lung cancer is associated with Cushing's
syndrome (ectopic ACTH) and SIADH?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
What is the recommended treatment regimen for patients
with intermittent asthma? What asthma severity is characterized by SABA
What asthma severity is characterized by use > 2 days a week (not daily) with 3-4
SABA use < 2 days a week with < 2 nighttime nighttime awakenings a month?
awakenings a month? Short-acting β2-agonist, PRN
Mild persistent
Intermittent
, What asthma severity is characterized by SABA use
What is the recommended treatment daily with >1 nighttime awakening a week (not
regimen for patients with mild persistent nightly)?
asthma? What is the recommended treatment for carbon
Moderate persistent monoxide poisoning?
daily low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and
SABA PRN 100% O2 or hyperbaric O2
The indications for urgent dialysis may be
remembered with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
What is the recommended management for a patient
with uremic encephalopathy? A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical
therapy)
High anion gap metabolic acidosis with a Hemodialysis E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or
high osmolal gap (> 10) is suggestive of severe hyperkalemia)
ethylene glycol, methanol, or propylene I: Ingestion
glycol ingestion O: Overload (refractory to diuretics)
U: Uremia (symptomatic)
Osmol gaps are used as a screening
tool to identify toxins.
, The indications for urgent dialysis may be remembered
The indications for urgent dialysis may be
The indications for urgent dialysis may be with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
remembered with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
remembered with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical therapy) A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical
A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or severe therapy)
therapy) hyperkalemia) E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or
E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or I: Ingestion severe hyperkalemia)
severe hyperkalemia) O: Overload (refractory to diuretics) I: Ingestion
I: Ingestion U: Uremia (symptomatic) O: Overload (refractory to diuretics)
O: Overload (refractory to diuretics) U: Uremia (symptomatic)
U: Uremia (symptomatic)
The indications for urgent dialysis may be
remembered with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical
What is the initial step in management for a post-
therapy)
operative patient with acute renal
E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or
failure and oliguria (< 250 mL urine in 12 hours)?
severe hyperkalemia)
I: Ingestion
Bedside bladder scan to assess for urinary retention What is the treatment of choice for patients with
O: Overload (refractory to diuretics)
U: Uremia (symptomatic) alcohol withdrawal?
Benzodiazepines (e.g. lorazepam)
presents to the hospital with agitation,
vomiting, and watery eyes? Physical exam What is the Calcium gluconate or insulin with glucose is
reveals 1 mm pupils bilaterally and increased recommended treatment for anticholinergic poisoning? typically reserved for hyperkalemia in patients
bowel sounds. with ECG changes, K+ > 6.5 mEq, or rapidly
physostigmine (cholinesterase inhibitor) rising K+
Organophosphate (acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor) poisoning
What is the current recommended screening
regimen for bladder cancer?
Diagnosis of acute urinary retention is Patients age > 35 with gross hematuria should be
confirmed by bladder ultrasound demonstrating evaluated for urological neoplasms with CT urogram Not recommended, even in patients with
> 300 mL of urine (diagnostic imaging) and cystoscopy significant smoking and family histories
Dietary recommendations for patients with What class of antibiotics used to treat severe
renal calculi include increased fluid intake, gram-negative infections is potentially
Nephrotic syndrome is defined as proteinuria (> 3.5g /
nephrotoxic?
decreased Na+ intake, and normal 24 hr) with hypoalbuminemia and edema
Ca2+ intake Aminoglycosides
What is the most common cause of abnormal What is the likely underlying etiology of kidney disease
What is the most common cause of
hemostasis (RL cầm máu) in patients with with GBM thickening-dày màng đáy, mesangial-gian
glomerulonephritis in adults?
chronic renal failure? mạch expansion, and glomerular sclerosis?
IgA nephropathy
Platelet dysfunction Diabetic nephropathy
What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with
a renal transplant for 3 days who presents
with oliguria, elevated creatinine/BUN, What is recommended treatment for an acute rejection What side effect may thiazide diuretics have on
lymphocytic infiltration on biopsy, and of a renal transplant? serum Na+ levels?
normal serum cyclosporine levels?
IV steroids Hyponatremia
Acute transplant rejection
Thải ghép cấp
What is the most common type of kidney What is the most significant risk factor for
What does positive nitrites on urine dipstick indicate?
stone? tuberculosis in the U.S.?
Gram negative bacteria
Calcium oxalate Emigration from an endemic area
What regions of the lung are most commonly
involved in supine patients with aspiration
pneumonia? When using a ventilator, the goal is to keep When using a ventilator, the goal is to keep
SpO2 between 88 - 95% PaO2 between 55 - 80 mmHg
posterior segments of upper lobe and superior
segments of lower lobe
What is the most common adverse
What is the best treatment for hypersensitivity What bacteria is the most common cause of community-
effect associated with inhaled corticosteroids?
pneumonitis? acquired pneumonia?
Oroparyngeal candidiasis (oral thrush)
Avoidance of the responsible antigen Streptococcus pneumoniae
Nấm miệng
,How does the A - a gradient change in patients
Renal biopsy showing linear IgG antibodies along the The underlying histopathologic lesion of
with pulmonary embolism?
glomerular basement membrane is diagnostic sarcoidosis is non-caseating granulomas on tissu
for Goodpasture's disease biopsy
Increased (V/Q mismatch)
Ventilation, and thus PaCO2, in mechanically Ventilation, and thus PaCO2, in mechanically In general, tidal volumes in mechanically
ventilated patients may be altered by changing ventilated patients may be altered by changing either ventilated patients should be about 6 ml/kg of
either respiratory rate or tidal volume respiratory rate or tidal volume ideal body weight
What is the best initial step in management for a
stabilized patient with unlikely PE (modified Wel
criteria) who has no absolute contraindications
to anticoagulation?
Obtain diagnostic test (e.g. D-dimer assay)
Which type of lung cancer is associated with
hypercalcemia (ectopic PTHrP production)? Which type of lung cancer is associated with Cushing's
syndrome (ectopic ACTH) and SIADH?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
What is the recommended treatment regimen for patients
with intermittent asthma? What asthma severity is characterized by SABA
What asthma severity is characterized by use > 2 days a week (not daily) with 3-4
SABA use < 2 days a week with < 2 nighttime nighttime awakenings a month?
awakenings a month? Short-acting β2-agonist, PRN
Mild persistent
Intermittent
, What asthma severity is characterized by SABA use
What is the recommended treatment daily with >1 nighttime awakening a week (not
regimen for patients with mild persistent nightly)?
asthma? What is the recommended treatment for carbon
Moderate persistent monoxide poisoning?
daily low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and
SABA PRN 100% O2 or hyperbaric O2
The indications for urgent dialysis may be
remembered with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
What is the recommended management for a patient
with uremic encephalopathy? A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical
therapy)
High anion gap metabolic acidosis with a Hemodialysis E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or
high osmolal gap (> 10) is suggestive of severe hyperkalemia)
ethylene glycol, methanol, or propylene I: Ingestion
glycol ingestion O: Overload (refractory to diuretics)
U: Uremia (symptomatic)
Osmol gaps are used as a screening
tool to identify toxins.
, The indications for urgent dialysis may be remembered
The indications for urgent dialysis may be
The indications for urgent dialysis may be with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
remembered with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
remembered with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical therapy) A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical
A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or severe therapy)
therapy) hyperkalemia) E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or
E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or I: Ingestion severe hyperkalemia)
severe hyperkalemia) O: Overload (refractory to diuretics) I: Ingestion
I: Ingestion U: Uremia (symptomatic) O: Overload (refractory to diuretics)
O: Overload (refractory to diuretics) U: Uremia (symptomatic)
U: Uremia (symptomatic)
The indications for urgent dialysis may be
remembered with the mnemonic "AEIOU":
A: Acidosis (pH < 7.1 refractory to medical
What is the initial step in management for a post-
therapy)
operative patient with acute renal
E: Electrolyte abnormalities (symptomatic or
failure and oliguria (< 250 mL urine in 12 hours)?
severe hyperkalemia)
I: Ingestion
Bedside bladder scan to assess for urinary retention What is the treatment of choice for patients with
O: Overload (refractory to diuretics)
U: Uremia (symptomatic) alcohol withdrawal?
Benzodiazepines (e.g. lorazepam)
