ATI TEAS SCIENCE
BODY ORGANS
BRAIN
The medulla: This is the lowest part of the brainstem. It helps control heart and lung
function.
The pons: Located above the medulla in the brainstem, this area helps control eye and
facial movement.
The spinal cord: Extended from the base of the brain and down the center of the back,
the spinal cord helps with many automatic functions, such as reflexes. It also sends
messages to and from the brain.
The parietal lobe: Situated in the middle of the brain, the parietal lobe supports the
identification of objects and spatial reasoning. It also plays a role in interpreting pain and
touch signals.
The frontal lobe: The frontal lobe, which is in the front of the head, is the largest section
of the brain. It plays a role in many conscious functions, including personality and
movement. It also helps the brain interpret smells.
The occipital lobes: Positioned near the back of the brain, the occipital lobe primarily
interprets vision signals.
The temporal lobes: Located on either side of the brain, the temporal lobes play a role in
numerous functions, including speech, scent recognition, and short-term memory
LUNGS
The left and right bronchi: The trachea splits into these tubes, which extend into the
lungs and have branches. These smaller bronchi split into even smaller tubes called
bronchioles.
The alveoli: The alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. They work like
balloons, expanding when a person inhales and contracting when they exhale.
, The blood vessels: There are numerous blood vessels in the lungs for carrying blood to
and from the heart.
LIVER
producing bile
helping the body filter out toxic substances, including alcohol, drugs, and harmful
metabolites
regulating blood levels of various important chemicals, including amino acids
making cholesterol
removing some bacteria from the blood
making some immune factors
clearing bilirubin from the blood
regulating the process of blood clotting, so that a person does not bleed too much and
does not develop dangerous blood clots
KIDNEYS
They help filter blood and remove waste from the body.
Blood flows from the renal artery into the kidneys. Each kidney contains about million tiny units
for filtration known as nephrons. They help filter waste to the urine and then return the filtered
blood to the body through the renal vein.
The kidneys also produce urine when they remove waste from the blood. Urine flows out of the
kidneys through the ureters, then down to the urinary bladder
GALL BLADDER
In a healthy person, the liver releases bile into the gallbladder, which the gallbladder stores and
then releases to travel down the common bile duct into the small intestine to aid digestion
PANCREAS
It functions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.
As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces enzymes a person needs to help digest their food and
convert it into energy. Those enzymes include amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin.
In its role as an endocrine gland, the pancreas also produces and releases insulin, which helps the
body remove glucose from the blood and convert it into energy.
, Problems with insulin can lead to a dangerously high level of blood glucose and the onset of
diabetes.
The pancreas also produces and releases glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.
STOMACH
The muscles of the stomach help it break down and digest food. Within its lumen lining, certain
regions of the stomach also produce enzymes that help digest food. The enzyme pepsin, for
example, breaks down proteins so that they can become amino acids.
The stomach also helps store chyme until it moves to the intestines. Chyme refers to food that has
mixed with stomach secretions.
INTESTINES
The intestines are a group of tubes that help filter out waste, absorb water and certain electrolytes,
and digest food.
Partially digested food first travels through the small intestine, which comprises three parts: the
duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Most digestion and absorption of food happens here.
Food then becomes feces as it travels within and through the large intestine. This begins with the
cecum, extends to the rest of colon, and ends with the rectum. The rectum is the last stop for
feces before expulsion occurs from the anus.
BODY ORGANS
BRAIN
The medulla: This is the lowest part of the brainstem. It helps control heart and lung
function.
The pons: Located above the medulla in the brainstem, this area helps control eye and
facial movement.
The spinal cord: Extended from the base of the brain and down the center of the back,
the spinal cord helps with many automatic functions, such as reflexes. It also sends
messages to and from the brain.
The parietal lobe: Situated in the middle of the brain, the parietal lobe supports the
identification of objects and spatial reasoning. It also plays a role in interpreting pain and
touch signals.
The frontal lobe: The frontal lobe, which is in the front of the head, is the largest section
of the brain. It plays a role in many conscious functions, including personality and
movement. It also helps the brain interpret smells.
The occipital lobes: Positioned near the back of the brain, the occipital lobe primarily
interprets vision signals.
The temporal lobes: Located on either side of the brain, the temporal lobes play a role in
numerous functions, including speech, scent recognition, and short-term memory
LUNGS
The left and right bronchi: The trachea splits into these tubes, which extend into the
lungs and have branches. These smaller bronchi split into even smaller tubes called
bronchioles.
The alveoli: The alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. They work like
balloons, expanding when a person inhales and contracting when they exhale.
, The blood vessels: There are numerous blood vessels in the lungs for carrying blood to
and from the heart.
LIVER
producing bile
helping the body filter out toxic substances, including alcohol, drugs, and harmful
metabolites
regulating blood levels of various important chemicals, including amino acids
making cholesterol
removing some bacteria from the blood
making some immune factors
clearing bilirubin from the blood
regulating the process of blood clotting, so that a person does not bleed too much and
does not develop dangerous blood clots
KIDNEYS
They help filter blood and remove waste from the body.
Blood flows from the renal artery into the kidneys. Each kidney contains about million tiny units
for filtration known as nephrons. They help filter waste to the urine and then return the filtered
blood to the body through the renal vein.
The kidneys also produce urine when they remove waste from the blood. Urine flows out of the
kidneys through the ureters, then down to the urinary bladder
GALL BLADDER
In a healthy person, the liver releases bile into the gallbladder, which the gallbladder stores and
then releases to travel down the common bile duct into the small intestine to aid digestion
PANCREAS
It functions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.
As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces enzymes a person needs to help digest their food and
convert it into energy. Those enzymes include amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin.
In its role as an endocrine gland, the pancreas also produces and releases insulin, which helps the
body remove glucose from the blood and convert it into energy.
, Problems with insulin can lead to a dangerously high level of blood glucose and the onset of
diabetes.
The pancreas also produces and releases glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.
STOMACH
The muscles of the stomach help it break down and digest food. Within its lumen lining, certain
regions of the stomach also produce enzymes that help digest food. The enzyme pepsin, for
example, breaks down proteins so that they can become amino acids.
The stomach also helps store chyme until it moves to the intestines. Chyme refers to food that has
mixed with stomach secretions.
INTESTINES
The intestines are a group of tubes that help filter out waste, absorb water and certain electrolytes,
and digest food.
Partially digested food first travels through the small intestine, which comprises three parts: the
duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Most digestion and absorption of food happens here.
Food then becomes feces as it travels within and through the large intestine. This begins with the
cecum, extends to the rest of colon, and ends with the rectum. The rectum is the last stop for
feces before expulsion occurs from the anus.
