EMT BLOCK EXAM ONE

What are Respirations? What is the Rate for the different age groups? Noises? What will cause it to increase/decrease? - ANSWER Respiration is when a person takes a breath. The Diaphragm contracts which causes the lungs to pull oxygen. Adults are 12-20, child 15-30, infant 25-50, neonate 30-60. Noises indicate a obstructed airway, suction ( only the tip, adults are between 10-15, peds are between 5-10seconds) A person's respiration will increase will exercise, sex, and anxiety. Decreases with sleep, relaxing, and respiratory failure. What is ventilation? What would indicate this? What are the contraindications? What is the rate for the different age groups? - ANSWER Ventilation is assisting with a person's breathing with the use of a BVM. Two major things that indicate a BVM are inadequate tidal volume where their respirations are above 40 or below 10. Contraindications are adequate tidal volume and normal breathing rate. For using a BVM, Adults are every 5-6 seconds, children and infants of 3-5 seconds, and neonates every 1-2 seconds. For advanced airways it is every 6 seconds for all age groups. What are pulse rates? For an unconscious/conscious pt where would you check pulse? What are the pulse rates for the different age groups? What are the palp pulses? What Causes them to increase or decrease? - ANSWER The amount of beats that the heart pumps per minute. For a conscious pt is the radial pulse. For an unconscious pt it will be the carotid pulse. For Adults it is 60-100, adolescent is 60-110, Toddlers are 80-120/130, infants are 80-140. Palp pulses are: Radial is 80 systole, Femoral and Brachial are both 70 systole, and carotid is 60 systole. Things like trauma, sex, exercise, and anxiety cause it to raise. Sleep, relaxing, trauma, and shock can all cause it to slow down. What is BP? Where is it taken? What is a palp pulse? What are the normal systolic pressure parameters? What are the pressures denoting hypotension associated with signs and symptoms of shock? - ANSWER A B/P is the pressure exerted against the artery wall when the heart contracts and relaxes. A B./P is generally taken on the Brachium, but can be taken on the thigh. A palp pulse can be taken in a noisy area to get a baseline. The normal parameters are: Adult 90-140, children 80-110, Infants 80-100, and neonates 50-70. Hypotension systole is: males 90, Females 80, and children 70. What is AVPU? What assessment do you do an AVPU in? What is A&O times 4? What Questions do you ask what doing A&O times 4? - ANSWER To determine whether the pt is Alert, Verbal, Painful stimuli, or is Unresponsive. AVPU is done in the Primary Assessment after introducing yourself to the Pt. A&O times 4, Represents that the Pt is Alert and Orientated, that they are at a stable psychological level and are able to answer the 4 questions you asked them. First, you would ask what their name is? Where are you? What is the day of the week? What happened? What is the Primary Assessment step by step? Know indications for transport? When would you use CAB instead of ABC? - ANSWER Start with BSI precautions, Scene Size-up (environment and Temp), Number of Pts, MOI/NOI, Additional resources needed/ Special equipment, evaluate PPE/BSI, General impression, Note Life threatening conditions, Major disabilities, Introduce to the patient and receive consent, AVPU, Check Airway for any obstructions, Check breathing (note sounds or whether the pt is having SOB or is Dyspneic), Check circulation (pulse, Color, Temp, any bleeding, Cap refill), Disabilities (body positions or neurological), Expose the area associated with the CC, Formulate a method of transport, Identify whether the pt is priority (rapid medical/trauma assessment, or comprehensive med/trauma assessment) Determine transport option, examine Neurological status ( GCS, PERRL, A&O, PMS) What is the Secondary Assessment? What is it step by step? Give examples for each step? - ANSWER Secondary assessment is either a medical assessment or a trauma assessment. For a Medical Assessment it is SAMPLE and OPQRST. O- onset (what were you doing right when it started hurting), P- Provokes ( what makes it better or worse, and what positions did you find them in?), Q-quality (describe the pain to me), R- Region, Radiates, Reoccurrence (what does it hurt, does it travel, and is it constant?), S- severity ( scale from 1-10), T- time (when did this happen? ) For Trauma, it goes from head to toe, (child is toe to head), It is all DCAP/BTLS/TIC (deformities, contusions, abrasions, Punctures/Burns and bruises, tenderness, lacerations, swelling/tenderness, instability, crepitus(grinding of bone). In addition to all the additional assessment elements for each region of the body. DRGM (Distention in the abdomen, Rigidity "tightness", Guarding the area, and masses.) For both must do a head to toe assessment for critical situations. What is a Trauma Assessment? Step by step? Know the abbreviations? Know what to ask? - ANSWER What would you be looking for in the abdominal quadrants? How would handle the situation? Give Examples of the complications in the abdominal area? - ANSWER In the abdominal area, DRGM is the acronym that would be used to assess the area for any internal bleeding or other complications in the abdomen. Expose the area, use the naval as a landmark, roll fingers to assess, some complications could be Rigidity and Pulsating Masses. What are signs? What are symptoms? What questions would you ask for both? - ANSWER Signs are things that are observable, black and white info such as vital or diagnostic procedures. Symptoms are what the Pt tells you, their CC. Why was EMS called today? D