NR507 Midterm Exam Guide Graded A 2024

Innate immunity - the immunity we are born with Immune response: 3 levels/lines of protection - 1st line: physical, mechanical, & biochemical barriers 2nd line: the inflammatory response 3rd line: lymphocyte production most important immune defense - intact skin and mucous membranes (impermeable barrier) PAMP - pathogen associated molecular pattern surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes are covered with many foreign proteins foreign DAMP - damage associated molecular pattern many proteins are released from inside our cells when they are damaged foreign PRR - pattern recognition receptors surfaces of WBCs contain these receptor sites -continuously interact with any material they encounter to ID it as "self" or "non-self" (foreign; PAMP or DAMP) Chemotaxis - Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus Phagocytosis - "cell eating" 1. opsonization and adherence 2. engulfment - WBC surrounds and ingests Ag 3. Fusion of phagosome with lysosome 4. destruction - phagosome digested by lysozyme, H202, acids, and other toxic chemicals inside the lysosomes 5. egestion Hypersensitivity Type 1:_____ - Allergic reaction Hypersensitivity: Type 1 Mediated by ______ - IgE Hypersensitivity: Type 1 Inflammation due to _____________ - mast cell degranulation Hypersensitivity: Type 1 local symptoms - itching, rash Hypersensitivity: Type 1 systemic symptoms - wheezing Hypersensitivity: Type 1 most dangerous form - anaphylactic reaction-systemic response-hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction Hypersensitivity: Type 1 main treatment ___________ - epinephrine Hypersensitivity Type 2: _________________ - Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (example: thyroid tissue) hapten causes mediation of IgE or IgM Hypersensitivity: Type 2 Primary effector cells involved - macrophages Hypersensitivity: Type 2 can cause ____________ - tissue damage or alter function Hypersensitivity: Type 2 example of altered function - graves disease (hyperthyroidism)-example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid tissue Hypersensitivity: Type 2 example of tissue damage - incompatible blood type-example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated lysis Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - Not organ specific Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions -the antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface and the complex is deposited in the tissues Hypersensitivity: Type 3 Examples - Rheumatoid arthritis - antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - very closely related to autoimmunity-antigen/antibodies deposit in organs that cause tissue damage Scope of damage of SLE - Type 3 autoimmune response - facial rash confined to cheeks (malar rash) discoid rash (raised patches, scaling) photosensitivity oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers hematologic disorders immunologic disorders non-erosive arthritis of at lease 2 peripheral joints serositis renal disorder neurologic disorder ANA Autoimmune diseases can be ______ - familial Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major ____________ or _____________ - histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes Alloimmunity - AKA isoimmunity immune system of one individual produces a reaction against tissues of another individual Alloimmunity examples - -Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus -Transplant rejection -Transfusion reaction Hypersensitivity: Type 4 - T-cell mediated delayed response Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes Hypersensitivity: Type 4 typical reaction - localized contact dermatitis (symptoms usually occur a few days later) Differentiating between type 1 and type 4 rash reactions - Type I: IMMEDIATE hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually characterized by widely distributed lesions