Portage Learning A&P 2: Final EXAM (2024/25 A+)

Portage Learning A&P 2: Final EXAM (2024/25 A+) Collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system: - Ganglia Fill-in-the-blanks: _______ matter is composed of a mixture of the cell bodies of neurons. _______ matter is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers - gray, white Which vessels are constricted and dilated by muscles controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system? - arterioles True or False: If false, explain why the statement is false. The kidney and nervous system communicate via the myenteric plexus, whose fibers follow the renal arteries to reach each kidney. - This statement is false. The kidney and nervous system communicate via the renal plexus. List the 3 inner regions of the kidney seen on cross-section (deepest to most superficial). In which section would you find the glomerular capsule and the distal and proximal convoluted tubule sections of the nephron? - The three inner regions of the kidneys include the renal pelvis, renal medulla, and the renal cortex. The cortex houses the glomerular capsules, the distal convoluted tubule, and the proximal convoluted tubule. Urinary incontinence and urinary retention are two common types of micturition dysfunction. Briefly discuss each, including what demographic is commonly affected in each. - Incontinence is the inability to control micturition voluntarily. It is a condition typically seen in infants and the elderly with diagnoses such as end-stage dementia. Incontinence can also occur due to emotional trauma, pregnancy, or nervous system injuries, such as a stroke or spinal cord injury. Urinary retention is the inability to expel stored urine. This is a common condition after general anesthesia since the detrusor muscle is slow to regain muscular activity. Male urinary retention can also occur due to the overgrowth of the prostate gland, which narrows the urethra, making micturition difficult. Insertion of a catheter into the urethra is necessary to allow the urine to empty from the bladder. True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron. - False (only one direction in the same neuron) Fill in the blanks: The _____________ root contains the axons of sensory neurons, while the _____________ root contains the axons of motor neurons. - dorsal, ventral This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. - Nerve Describe the function of the sympathetic nervous system when a threat is present. - The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is often referred to as the "fight or flight" system. When in immediate danger, muscles require a steady, increased supply of glucose and oxygen for muscular contraction. The SNS accelerates the heartbeat, dilates the bronchi, and increases the respiratory rate. This supplies the increased need for oxygen throughout the body. The SNS also causes the liver to deliver more glucose for the body's increased metabolic needs. Sympathetic activation inhibits the digestive tract because digestion is not an immediate necessity when in danger or under attack. Which cell serves as stem cells in the gustatory system that divide and differentiate into new supporting cells then form new gustatory cells. - Basal Cells This part of the autonomic system increases digestion. - parasympathetic describe the function of the parasympathetic nervous system - Promotes all of the relaxing internal responses. Causes the pupil of the eye to get smaller, aids the lenses of the eyes to focus on close items, helps with the digestion of food, and also helps with slowing the heart beat. The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons - motor (efferent) Part of neuron that conducts nerve impulse away from cell body - Axon A neuron going to bicep of the forearm is part of the: A. central nervous system B. peripheral nervous system C. Autonomic system D. Somatic system E. A&CF. B&D - F. B&D T/F: Neurons come into direct physical contact w/ one another. - False: don't physically touch. Describe function and release of neurotransmitters - Neurotransmitters are chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles (axon terminal vesicles) at the end of the axon terminals. When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another. Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals An efferent neuron carries information: A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system B. From the peripheral to the central nervous system C. Within the central nervous system D. Within the peripheral nervous system - A An afferent neuron carries information: - From the peripheral to the central nervous system. True or false, if false explain why the statement is false: the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord - True An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the: - central nervous system Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters: - The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals. A postsynaptic neuron would be found - after the synapse What is the disease for mpaired motor functioning? - apraxia impaired motor functioning what is the location and function of satellite cells - location: peripheral nervous system function: regulate the environment of neuron cell bodies. what is the location and function of astrocytes - location: central nervous system, the brain function: forms the blood, brain barrier What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? describe its maintenance from a cellular level. - it is a barrier of astrocytes wrapped around capillaries that helps prevent unneeded materials from entering the CNS. Keeps the chemical environment of the neurons just right. list the 4 parts of the human brain - diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, and brain stem. This region of the brain acts a sensory relay station: - A. Diencephalon (thalamus) List the phases of an action potential in order - 1. resting potential 2. depolarization 3. repolarization 4. resting condition Development of a fetus in the uterus is divided into three trimesters. Choose one of the trimesters and name which months the trimester covers and at least two human development processes that occur in that trimester. - The third trimester (months 7-9) is characterized by the continued development of the systems already in place. For males, the testes descend into the scrotum. The baby increases in weight and begins to develop fat under the skin. Sucking reflexes develop around week 32. Lung maturation and temperature regulation are vital for the survival of the baby outside of the uterus. Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membranein section 4 of the diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase. - This is phase