FRANCE GERMANY NETHERLANDS ENGLAND
Administrative action
Décision Verwaltungsakt: §35 VwVfG Besluit (Beschikking): art. 1:3(1) AWB Décision
1. Décision 1. Act of sovereign nature 1. Decision 1. Décision
order, decision, or other sovereign order, decision, or other sovereign Always unilateral order, decision, or other sovereign
measures. Always unilateral measures. Always unilateral must be in written measures. Always unilateral
>< every form of bilateral measures >< every form of bilateral measures >< every form of bilateral measures >< every form of bilateral measures
does not need to be written down
2. Ordered by a public authority 2. Ordered by a public authority (§1(4) 2. Ordered by a public authority (Art.1:1(1)) 2. Ordered by a public authority
can be individuals which have been can be individuals which have been (a) an organ of a legal entity / public law can be individuals which have been
empowered/vested with service public empowered/vested with public powers (b) private individuals vested with public empowered/vested with service public
>< never private individuals >< never private individuals powers >< never private individuals
>< except when judiciary, legislation >< except when judiciary, legislation >< never private individuals >< except when judiciary, legislation
>< except when judiciary, legislation
1:3(2)
3. For the regulation (of juridical nature) 3. For the regulation (of juridical nature) 3. Regardless of whether the legal sphere of
able to change in positive or negative the able to change in positive or negative the an individual is changed
Acts and Decisions
3. For the regulation (of juridical nature)
legal sphere of an individual: consequences legal sphere of an individual: consequences
+ beneficial + beneficial able to change in positive or negative the 4. Of an individual case or general nature
legal sphere of an individual:
- burdensome, injurious - burdensome, injurious
consequences
>< factual acts >< factual acts (realakte) (German concept) 5. Direct external OR internal effect
by granting, imposing, or changing legal
>< public information public information
factual conduct (factual conduct of the right or obligation
it should create, redefines, cancels a legal →what matters for the united kingdom is
administration that does not qualify as
relationship that the measure is amenable to judicial
an administrative act because not review. Anything of what the
intend to change any legal sphere) >< factual acts
>< public information administration does is amenable to judicial
4. Of an individual case or general nature review, so anything is a decision, anything
4. Of an individual case
Décision individuelle: determined can be brought to court!
either determined (administrative act)
addressees (one or several = concrete and individual (classical a.a) 4. Of an individual case or of general nature
(license) Decision on an individual case: No need for categorisation
= abstract and individual (when it snows)
= concrete case and individual application Order (beschikking): decisions addressed to
or determinable addressees (general order) an individual and pertaining to a specific Only exclusion is bilateral measure.
Décision particulière: addressees are not = §35 s.2 object (license) (Adm. Act in GE)
determined but determinable = concrete and general (concrete case, but Decision of general application:
(general order in GE) not clear how many addressees - Generally binding regulations:
all shop owners in Lille must use plastic = general and abstract
bottles on the day of…. >< not undetermined AND undeterminable stop serving alcohol 1am, all restaurants in
= concrete case and general application = general and abstract in nature Maastricht. Generally in terms of place,
= undeterminable addressees for time, persons. (By Law in GE)
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Administrative action
Décision Verwaltungsakt: §35 VwVfG Besluit (Beschikking): art. 1:3(1) AWB Décision
1. Décision 1. Act of sovereign nature 1. Decision 1. Décision
order, decision, or other sovereign order, decision, or other sovereign Always unilateral order, decision, or other sovereign
measures. Always unilateral measures. Always unilateral must be in written measures. Always unilateral
>< every form of bilateral measures >< every form of bilateral measures >< every form of bilateral measures >< every form of bilateral measures
does not need to be written down
2. Ordered by a public authority 2. Ordered by a public authority (§1(4) 2. Ordered by a public authority (Art.1:1(1)) 2. Ordered by a public authority
can be individuals which have been can be individuals which have been (a) an organ of a legal entity / public law can be individuals which have been
empowered/vested with service public empowered/vested with public powers (b) private individuals vested with public empowered/vested with service public
>< never private individuals >< never private individuals powers >< never private individuals
>< except when judiciary, legislation >< except when judiciary, legislation >< never private individuals >< except when judiciary, legislation
>< except when judiciary, legislation
1:3(2)
3. For the regulation (of juridical nature) 3. For the regulation (of juridical nature) 3. Regardless of whether the legal sphere of
able to change in positive or negative the able to change in positive or negative the an individual is changed
Acts and Decisions
3. For the regulation (of juridical nature)
legal sphere of an individual: consequences legal sphere of an individual: consequences
+ beneficial + beneficial able to change in positive or negative the 4. Of an individual case or general nature
legal sphere of an individual:
- burdensome, injurious - burdensome, injurious
consequences
>< factual acts >< factual acts (realakte) (German concept) 5. Direct external OR internal effect
by granting, imposing, or changing legal
>< public information public information
factual conduct (factual conduct of the right or obligation
it should create, redefines, cancels a legal →what matters for the united kingdom is
administration that does not qualify as
relationship that the measure is amenable to judicial
an administrative act because not review. Anything of what the
intend to change any legal sphere) >< factual acts
>< public information administration does is amenable to judicial
4. Of an individual case or general nature review, so anything is a decision, anything
4. Of an individual case
Décision individuelle: determined can be brought to court!
either determined (administrative act)
addressees (one or several = concrete and individual (classical a.a) 4. Of an individual case or of general nature
(license) Decision on an individual case: No need for categorisation
= abstract and individual (when it snows)
= concrete case and individual application Order (beschikking): decisions addressed to
or determinable addressees (general order) an individual and pertaining to a specific Only exclusion is bilateral measure.
Décision particulière: addressees are not = §35 s.2 object (license) (Adm. Act in GE)
determined but determinable = concrete and general (concrete case, but Decision of general application:
(general order in GE) not clear how many addressees - Generally binding regulations:
all shop owners in Lille must use plastic = general and abstract
bottles on the day of…. >< not undetermined AND undeterminable stop serving alcohol 1am, all restaurants in
= concrete case and general application = general and abstract in nature Maastricht. Generally in terms of place,
= undeterminable addressees for time, persons. (By Law in GE)
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