General Zoology
Prelims Reviewer
THE USES OF PRINCIPLES 21. Protozoology – study of protozoa or the
Zoology – scientific study of animal life unicellular organisms
• Exploration of the animal world is gained 22. Zoography – study of animals and their
by actively applying important guiding respective habitats
principle to investigations 23. Taxonomy – studies group and
• Principles of modern zoology comes formulates nomenclatures of animals
from the Laws of Physics and Chemistry 24. Zoometry – study of measurement
and Scientific Method including size and length of animal parts
Fundamental Life Property 25. Zootomy – study of animal anatomy
Life – no simple definition, the history of life 26. Zoogeography – study of geographical
shows extensive and ongoing change distribution of animal species
called evolution.
Descent with Modification – the idea that GENERAL PROPERTIES OF LIVING SYSTEMS
species change over time, give rise to 1. Chemical Uniqueness – living systems
new species, and share a common demonstrate a unique and complex
ancestor. molecular organization: four
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY macromolecules.
1. Anthropology – Study of humanity • Nucleic Acid, Protein, Carbohydrates,
2. Arachnology – study of spiders, Lipids
scorpions and arachnids 2. Complexity and Hierarchical
3. Archaeozoology – scientific evaluation Organization – living systems
of faunal materials retrieved from demonstrates a unique and complex
archeological sites hierarchical organization (Biological and
4. Bionics – study of mechanical systems Ecological Hierarchy)
5. Cetology – study of marine mammals
6. Embryology – study of egg fertilization
7. Ethnology – study of behavior of animals
to interpret their effects on evolution.
8. Helminthology – study of parasitic worms
9. Entomology – study of insects
10. Herpetology – study of amphibians and
reptiles
11. Histology – study of anatomy of cells
and tissues of animals
12. Ichthyology – study of fishes
13. Primatology – study of primates; apes,
monkeys, gorillas
14. Malacology – study of mollusks
15. Mammalogy – study of mammals
16. Morphology – study of form and
structures of animal organisms
17. Nematology – studies roundworms
18. Ornithology – study of birds
19. Pathology – study of bodily fluids, blood,
urine, tissues
20. Paleozoology – study of ancient and Volvox globator – a multicellular chlorophytan
fossil animals that illustrates three different levels of
biological hierarchy.
,Emergent Properties – appearance of new components and requires an input of
characteristics at a given level of energy.
organization. 6. Development – all organisms pass
through a characteristic life cycle.
7. Environmental Interaction – all animals
interact with their environments.
Ecology – study of organismal interaction with an
environment
Irritability – ability of organisms to respond
environmental stimuli.
8. Movement – living systems and their
parts show precise and controlled
movements arising from within the
system.
LIFE OBEYS PHYSICAL LAWS
1. First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of
3. Reproduction – living systems can Conservation of Energy)
produce themselves • Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Levels of Biological Complexity but van be transformed from one form
a. Molecular Level – electron to another
micrograph of replicating DNA. 2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
b. Cellular Level – micrograph of cell • Physical systems tend to proceed
division of mitotic telophase. toward state of great disorder or
c. Organismal Level – a king snake entropy.
hatching Zoology as part of Biology
d. Species Level – formation of new Eukaryotes – cells contain membrane-
species in the sea urchin. enclosed nuclei.
4. Possession of Genetic Program – a Heterotrophs – not capable of manufacturing
genetic program provides fidelity of their own food and must rely on external
inheritance food sources.
Nucleic Acid – encode structures of protein • Cells of animal lacks cell walls
molecules needed for organismal Scientific Method
development and functioning • Hypothetic-deductive Method is a
DNA – long, linear, chain of nucleotides that scientific process of making a
stores genetic information conjecture and then seeking empirical
Genetic Code – correspondence between test that potentially led to its rejection.
base sequences in DNA and the • Hypothesis – potential answers to
sequence of amino acids in protein. questions being asked.
James Watson and Francis Crick – discovered • Theory – a hypothesis that is very
the model of DNA double helix powerful in explaining a wide variety of
5. Metabolism – living organisms maintain related phenomena
themselves by acquiring nutrients from • Independent Variable – what you
their environments. change
• Metabolic processes like digestion, • Dependent Variable – what you observe
respiration and synthesis of required • Controlled Variable – what you keep
molecules and structures by organisms the same
Catabolic – reactions involve the breakdown of PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE
large, organic molecules into smaller, Paradigms – powerful theories that guide
simpler ones, accompanied by a release of extensive research
energy. Scientific Revolution – the refutement and
Anabolic – involves the building of complex, replacement of a paradigm.
organic molecules from smaller
, • The 2 major paradigms that guide • Foundation for current studies of
zoological research: genetics and evolution in animals
1. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Genetic Approach – mating populations of
2. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance organisms that are true-breeding for
Experimental Science – seek to explain the alternative traits.
proximate or immediate causes that Contribution of Cell Biology
underlie the functioning of biological
systems at a particular time and place.
Evolutionary Science – seek to address
question of ultimate causes and rely
largely on the use of the comparative
method rather than experimentation.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Over 150 years old
• Published in his book “On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection”
in England in 1859.
• Darwinism – encompasses several
different, although mutually compatible
theories.
• Ernst Mayr – proposed that Darwinism
should be viewed as five major theories: THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
1. Perpetual Change – the living world is
neither constant nor perpetually
cycling, but is always changing.
2. Common Descent – all forms of life
descend from a common ancestor
through a branching of lineages
Phylogeny – structure of a branching
evolutionary tree.
3. Multiplication of Species – the
evolutionary process produces new
species by splitting and transforming
older ones
4. Gradualism – large differences in
anatomic traits that characterize
disparate species originate through
the accumulation of many small
incremental changes over very long
periods of time Elements – are pure substances that cannot be
5. Natural Selection – a creative separated into other substances by any
process that generates novel forms ordinary chemical change.
from the small individual variations
that occurring among organisms
within a population
Neo-Darwinism – describes Darwin’s
theories as modified by
incorporating the Chromosomal
Theory of Inheritance
Mendelian Heredity and the Chromosomal
Theory of Inheritance
, - Precursor or parent molecule of many
molecules
- Soluble, can move easily throughout the
water-bases internal environments of all
organisms
- Examples are Glucose, Fructose,
Galactose (GFG) - hexoses
Disaccharides – double sugars
- Sucrose (ordinary cane or table sugar)
- Maltose – Malt sugar
- Lactose - Milk Sugar
Sucrose Glucose + Fructose
Maltose Glucose + Glucose
Molecule – two or more like atoms combined Lactose Glucose + Galactose
chemically. Polysaccharides – polymer of
Compound – two or more different atoms monosaccharides
combined chemically. - Oligosaccharides – few sugar
CHEMICAL REACTIONS – atoms are united by - Composed of many molecules of simple
chemical bonds; atoms dissociate from sugars linked in long chains called
other atoms when chemical bonds are polymer
broken - Chitin – exoskeletons pf insects and
PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS other arthropods
1. Synthesis Reaction (A+B→AB) - Glycogen – an important polymer for
• Atoms or molecules combine storing sugar in animals (in liver and
• Energy is absorbed for bond formation muscle cells)
• Dehydration is synthesis of polymer - Cellulose - the principal structural
2. Decomposition Reaction (AB→A+B) carbohydrate of plants
• Molecule is broken down’ - Starch – carbohydrates storage in plants
• Chemical energy is released - All sugars are sweet, but they differ in
• Hydrolysis is decomposition of polymer the degree of sweetness. Sucrose is
3. Single Displacement (AB+C→AC+B) about six times sweeter than lactose,
4. Double Displacement (AB+CD→AD+CB) slightly sweeter than glucose, but only
Inorganic Compounds – lack carbon, tend to be half as sweet as fructose.
simpler compound, ionic bonding. E.g., 2. LIPIDS
water, carbon dioxide, salts, acids, bases - Monomer: Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Organic Compound – contain carbon and - used by organisms for long term energy
hydrogen, most are covalently bonded storage (fats and oil)
e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic - Contains carbon, hydrogen, and
acid oxygen (no definite ratio)
BIOMOLECULES - Carbon and hydrogen outnumber
1. CARBOHYDRATES oxygen
• Monomer: Monosaccharide - Insoluble in water but are soluble in
• used as structural materials, fuels, organic solvent
storage and transportation of energy - Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen fat
(1:2:1 ratio of C, H, O) - Fat molecule is also called as
• Includes sugars and starches triacylglycerol
• Classifies according to size (Greek word -
“sacchar” means sugar) Lipids in the Human Body
1. Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)
Classification of Carbohydrates - Found in fat deposits
- Composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol.
Monosaccharides – simple sugars - Source of stored energy
Prelims Reviewer
THE USES OF PRINCIPLES 21. Protozoology – study of protozoa or the
Zoology – scientific study of animal life unicellular organisms
• Exploration of the animal world is gained 22. Zoography – study of animals and their
by actively applying important guiding respective habitats
principle to investigations 23. Taxonomy – studies group and
• Principles of modern zoology comes formulates nomenclatures of animals
from the Laws of Physics and Chemistry 24. Zoometry – study of measurement
and Scientific Method including size and length of animal parts
Fundamental Life Property 25. Zootomy – study of animal anatomy
Life – no simple definition, the history of life 26. Zoogeography – study of geographical
shows extensive and ongoing change distribution of animal species
called evolution.
Descent with Modification – the idea that GENERAL PROPERTIES OF LIVING SYSTEMS
species change over time, give rise to 1. Chemical Uniqueness – living systems
new species, and share a common demonstrate a unique and complex
ancestor. molecular organization: four
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY macromolecules.
1. Anthropology – Study of humanity • Nucleic Acid, Protein, Carbohydrates,
2. Arachnology – study of spiders, Lipids
scorpions and arachnids 2. Complexity and Hierarchical
3. Archaeozoology – scientific evaluation Organization – living systems
of faunal materials retrieved from demonstrates a unique and complex
archeological sites hierarchical organization (Biological and
4. Bionics – study of mechanical systems Ecological Hierarchy)
5. Cetology – study of marine mammals
6. Embryology – study of egg fertilization
7. Ethnology – study of behavior of animals
to interpret their effects on evolution.
8. Helminthology – study of parasitic worms
9. Entomology – study of insects
10. Herpetology – study of amphibians and
reptiles
11. Histology – study of anatomy of cells
and tissues of animals
12. Ichthyology – study of fishes
13. Primatology – study of primates; apes,
monkeys, gorillas
14. Malacology – study of mollusks
15. Mammalogy – study of mammals
16. Morphology – study of form and
structures of animal organisms
17. Nematology – studies roundworms
18. Ornithology – study of birds
19. Pathology – study of bodily fluids, blood,
urine, tissues
20. Paleozoology – study of ancient and Volvox globator – a multicellular chlorophytan
fossil animals that illustrates three different levels of
biological hierarchy.
,Emergent Properties – appearance of new components and requires an input of
characteristics at a given level of energy.
organization. 6. Development – all organisms pass
through a characteristic life cycle.
7. Environmental Interaction – all animals
interact with their environments.
Ecology – study of organismal interaction with an
environment
Irritability – ability of organisms to respond
environmental stimuli.
8. Movement – living systems and their
parts show precise and controlled
movements arising from within the
system.
LIFE OBEYS PHYSICAL LAWS
1. First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of
3. Reproduction – living systems can Conservation of Energy)
produce themselves • Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Levels of Biological Complexity but van be transformed from one form
a. Molecular Level – electron to another
micrograph of replicating DNA. 2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
b. Cellular Level – micrograph of cell • Physical systems tend to proceed
division of mitotic telophase. toward state of great disorder or
c. Organismal Level – a king snake entropy.
hatching Zoology as part of Biology
d. Species Level – formation of new Eukaryotes – cells contain membrane-
species in the sea urchin. enclosed nuclei.
4. Possession of Genetic Program – a Heterotrophs – not capable of manufacturing
genetic program provides fidelity of their own food and must rely on external
inheritance food sources.
Nucleic Acid – encode structures of protein • Cells of animal lacks cell walls
molecules needed for organismal Scientific Method
development and functioning • Hypothetic-deductive Method is a
DNA – long, linear, chain of nucleotides that scientific process of making a
stores genetic information conjecture and then seeking empirical
Genetic Code – correspondence between test that potentially led to its rejection.
base sequences in DNA and the • Hypothesis – potential answers to
sequence of amino acids in protein. questions being asked.
James Watson and Francis Crick – discovered • Theory – a hypothesis that is very
the model of DNA double helix powerful in explaining a wide variety of
5. Metabolism – living organisms maintain related phenomena
themselves by acquiring nutrients from • Independent Variable – what you
their environments. change
• Metabolic processes like digestion, • Dependent Variable – what you observe
respiration and synthesis of required • Controlled Variable – what you keep
molecules and structures by organisms the same
Catabolic – reactions involve the breakdown of PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE
large, organic molecules into smaller, Paradigms – powerful theories that guide
simpler ones, accompanied by a release of extensive research
energy. Scientific Revolution – the refutement and
Anabolic – involves the building of complex, replacement of a paradigm.
organic molecules from smaller
, • The 2 major paradigms that guide • Foundation for current studies of
zoological research: genetics and evolution in animals
1. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Genetic Approach – mating populations of
2. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance organisms that are true-breeding for
Experimental Science – seek to explain the alternative traits.
proximate or immediate causes that Contribution of Cell Biology
underlie the functioning of biological
systems at a particular time and place.
Evolutionary Science – seek to address
question of ultimate causes and rely
largely on the use of the comparative
method rather than experimentation.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Over 150 years old
• Published in his book “On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection”
in England in 1859.
• Darwinism – encompasses several
different, although mutually compatible
theories.
• Ernst Mayr – proposed that Darwinism
should be viewed as five major theories: THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
1. Perpetual Change – the living world is
neither constant nor perpetually
cycling, but is always changing.
2. Common Descent – all forms of life
descend from a common ancestor
through a branching of lineages
Phylogeny – structure of a branching
evolutionary tree.
3. Multiplication of Species – the
evolutionary process produces new
species by splitting and transforming
older ones
4. Gradualism – large differences in
anatomic traits that characterize
disparate species originate through
the accumulation of many small
incremental changes over very long
periods of time Elements – are pure substances that cannot be
5. Natural Selection – a creative separated into other substances by any
process that generates novel forms ordinary chemical change.
from the small individual variations
that occurring among organisms
within a population
Neo-Darwinism – describes Darwin’s
theories as modified by
incorporating the Chromosomal
Theory of Inheritance
Mendelian Heredity and the Chromosomal
Theory of Inheritance
, - Precursor or parent molecule of many
molecules
- Soluble, can move easily throughout the
water-bases internal environments of all
organisms
- Examples are Glucose, Fructose,
Galactose (GFG) - hexoses
Disaccharides – double sugars
- Sucrose (ordinary cane or table sugar)
- Maltose – Malt sugar
- Lactose - Milk Sugar
Sucrose Glucose + Fructose
Maltose Glucose + Glucose
Molecule – two or more like atoms combined Lactose Glucose + Galactose
chemically. Polysaccharides – polymer of
Compound – two or more different atoms monosaccharides
combined chemically. - Oligosaccharides – few sugar
CHEMICAL REACTIONS – atoms are united by - Composed of many molecules of simple
chemical bonds; atoms dissociate from sugars linked in long chains called
other atoms when chemical bonds are polymer
broken - Chitin – exoskeletons pf insects and
PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS other arthropods
1. Synthesis Reaction (A+B→AB) - Glycogen – an important polymer for
• Atoms or molecules combine storing sugar in animals (in liver and
• Energy is absorbed for bond formation muscle cells)
• Dehydration is synthesis of polymer - Cellulose - the principal structural
2. Decomposition Reaction (AB→A+B) carbohydrate of plants
• Molecule is broken down’ - Starch – carbohydrates storage in plants
• Chemical energy is released - All sugars are sweet, but they differ in
• Hydrolysis is decomposition of polymer the degree of sweetness. Sucrose is
3. Single Displacement (AB+C→AC+B) about six times sweeter than lactose,
4. Double Displacement (AB+CD→AD+CB) slightly sweeter than glucose, but only
Inorganic Compounds – lack carbon, tend to be half as sweet as fructose.
simpler compound, ionic bonding. E.g., 2. LIPIDS
water, carbon dioxide, salts, acids, bases - Monomer: Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Organic Compound – contain carbon and - used by organisms for long term energy
hydrogen, most are covalently bonded storage (fats and oil)
e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic - Contains carbon, hydrogen, and
acid oxygen (no definite ratio)
BIOMOLECULES - Carbon and hydrogen outnumber
1. CARBOHYDRATES oxygen
• Monomer: Monosaccharide - Insoluble in water but are soluble in
• used as structural materials, fuels, organic solvent
storage and transportation of energy - Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen fat
(1:2:1 ratio of C, H, O) - Fat molecule is also called as
• Includes sugars and starches triacylglycerol
• Classifies according to size (Greek word -
“sacchar” means sugar) Lipids in the Human Body
1. Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)
Classification of Carbohydrates - Found in fat deposits
- Composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol.
Monosaccharides – simple sugars - Source of stored energy
