MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY
Prelims Reviewer – Lecture
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY 7. Multicellular Animal Parasites –
prokaryotes
Microbiology – the study of microorganisms, • two major groups of parasitic worms
those that cannot be viewed by the naked are flatworms and roundworms
eye. collectively called helminths.
- Most important decomposers (absorbed IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS
by the plant) 1. Number and uses – 50% of biological
1. Bacteria – are relatively simple, single carbon and 90% of biological nitrogen
celled (unicellular) organisms, 2. Found everywhere
prokaryotes 3. Functioning of the Biosphere
• Enclosed in cell walls that are largely 4. Source of Nutrients
composed of carbohydrate and 5. Body digestion and vitamins – Vitamin B
protein complex called and K.
peptidoglycan. 6. Application of Modern Biotechnology –
food, vaccines, and vitamins
7. Harmful Impacts
FIELDS AND OCCUPATION
1. Public Health Microbiology and
Epidemiology
2. Viruses – acellular 2. Environmental Microbiology –
• Contains a core made of only one ecological relationship
type of nucleic acid, either RNA or 3. Biotechnology – living microorganisms to
DNA. create new products
• Can reproduce only by using cellular 4. Immunology – role of protective
machinery of other organisms (host) substances and reaction causes by
3. Fungi – eukaryotes, maybe unicellular or microorganism
multicellular 5. Genetic Engineering and rDNA – make
• Cannot carry photosynthesis new products, GMO
• Cell walls composed of chitin 6. Agricultural Microbiology – concerned
4. Archaea – prokaryotic cells, cell walls in domesticated plants and animals
that lack peptidoglycan 7. Food Microbiology – concerned with
• Found in extreme environments the impacts of microorganisms to food.
Methanogens – produces methane as a BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY
waste product 1. Bacteriology – bacteria
Halophiles – extreme salty environment 2. Mycology – fungi
Thermophiles – extreme heat 3. Protozoology – protozoans, protists
5. Protists – protozoans 4. Virology – viruses
• Unicellular eukaryotic microbes 5. Phytology – algae
• Moves through pseudopods, flagella, 6. Morphology – detailed structure
or cilia. 7. Physiology – function or metabolism
6. Algae – are photosynthetic eukaryotes 8. Taxonomy – classification, naming, and
• Cell walls of many algae are nomenclature
composed of carbohydrate called 9. Microbial Genetic – genetic material
cellulose. and biochemical reaction
, 10. Microbial Ecology – roles of John Needham – supporter
microorganisms in ecosystem (nutrient Lazzaro Spallanzani – microbes from the air
cycle) probably entered Needham’s solution.
SPECIALTY PROFFESIONS Rudolf Virchow – Theory of Biogenesis, life
1. Geomicrobiologist – roles in the comes from pre-existing cells
development in Earth’s crust Louis Pasteur Experiment – demonstrated that
2. Marine Biologist – ocean and its smallest microbes are responsible for food spoilage,
inhabitants leading researchers to the connection
3. Medical Technology – help diagnose between microbes and disease
pathogenic microorganisms • Basis of aseptic techniques
4. Nurse Epidemiologist – analyze the • Life can be destroyed by heat and
occurrence of infections and diseases. that methods can be devised to
5. Astrobiologist – in the space block the access of airborne
microorganisms
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
1. Normal Flora – are present in the human Major Events
body and do not cause any harm or 1. Fermentation and Pasteurization
disease. 2. Germ Theory of Diseases –
2. Pathogens – disease causing microorganisms can cause diseases
microorganisms Agostino Basi – silk worm disease
NAMING OF MICROBES caused by fungus
1. Subcellular – DNA and RNA surrounded Louis Pasteur – protozoans can cause
by a protein coat – viruses disease
2. Prokaryotic – simple cell structure with Joseph Lister – phenol in medical
no nucleus or organelles – bacteria procedures
3. Eukaryotic – complex cell structure with ROBERT KOCH
nucleus and specialized organelles – – discovered Bacillus anthracis in the blood of
protozoans, fungi, and parasites cattle.
STANDARDIZED NAMING • Stablished Koch’s Postulate, relate
a. Genus – category of biologic certain disease to a specific
classification (e.g., Staphylococcus) organism
b. Species – represents a distinct type of • Demonstrated the role of bacteria in
microorganisms (e.g., Staphylococcus causing disease
aureus and Staphylococcus • He used gelatin as solid media but it
epidermidis) was not an ideal due to:
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY 1. Gelatin is a protein; it is digested
1665 – Robert Hooke discovered smallest by many bacteria capable of
structural units’ “cells”, from the cork. producing a proteolytic
• Proposed Cell Theory, all living things exoenzyme gelatinase that
are composed of cells hydrolyses the protein to amino
Anton van Leeuwenhoek – first to observe live acids
microorganisms through the magnifying lenses 2. It melts when temperature rises
1673 to 1723 – He wrote about the animalcules above 25 deg Celsius
he saw through his simple single lens KOCH’S POSTULATE
microscope. 1. The suspected pathogenic organisms
DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION should be present in all cases of the
Theory: Some forms of life could arise disease and absent from healthy
spontaneously from non-living matter animals
Francesco Redi – opponent
, 2. The suspected organisms should be NOBEL LAUREATES
grown in culture Name Contribution
3. Cells from a pure culture of the Von behring Diphtheria
suspected organisms should cause a Ronald Ross Malaria
disease Robert Koch TB
4. The organisms should be reisolated and Melchnikoff Phagocytosis
grown to be the same as the original Flemming Penicillin
FANNE EILSHEIUS HESSE Watson and Crick Structure DNA
• One of the Koch’s assistants, first Holley and Khorsna Genetic Code
proposed the use of agar in culture Pruisser Prions
media. Benuer and Hervitz Genetic regulation of
organ development
• It was not attacked by most bacteria
and cell death.
• Agar us better than gelatin because
of its higher melting point (96oC) and
FIRST GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
solidifying point (40-45oC).
Name Discovery
RICHARD PETRI
Pasteur Fermentation
• He developed the petri dish, a Disproved
container for solid culture media. Spontaneous
EDWARD JENNER Generation
• First to prevent small pox Pasteurization
• Discovered the technique of Lister Ascetic Surgery
vaccination Koch Germ Theory Disease
ALEXANDER FLEMMING Neisser Neisseria
• Discovered the penicillin from gonorrhoeae
Penicillium notatum that destroy Koch Pure culture
several pathogenic bacteria. FInlay Yellow fever
PAUL ERLICH Koch Mycobacterium
• Discovered the treatment of syphilis tuberculosis
by using arsenic called salvarsan. Hess Agar solid media
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES Koch Vibrio cholerae
Metchikoff Phagocytosis
BACTERIA
Gram Gram Staining
Discoverer Discovered
Escherich Escherichia coli
Hansen (1874) Leprosy bacillus
Petri Petri dish
Neisser (1879) Gonococcus
KItasato Clostridium tetani
Ogston (1881) Staphylococcus
Von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin
Loeffler (1884) Diphtheria bacillus
Ehrlich Theory of Immunity
Roux and Yersin Diphtheria toxin
Winogradsky Sulfur cycle
VIRUSES
Shiga Shigella dysenteriae
Beijerinck (1898) Coined the term virus
Ehrlich Syphilis treatment
for filterable
infectious agents Chagas Trypanosoma cruzi
Pasteur Rabies vaccine Rous Tumor-causing virus
Good Pasteur Cultivation of viruses SECOND GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
on chick embryos Flemming Penicillin
Charles Porcelain bacterial Waksman Streptomycin
Chamberland filter H. Krebs Chemical steps of
Twort and d’Herelle Bacteriophages the Krebs Cycle
Edward Jenner Vaccination for small Enders Poliovirus cultured in
pox cell cultures
Sanger and Gilbert Sequencing DNA
, Jerne, Kohler, and Producing • cause the synthesis of specialized
Milstein monoclonal structures that can transfer the viral
antibodies nucleic acid to other cells
Tonegawa Genetics of antibody DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
production a. contain single type of nucleic acid
Bishop and Varmus Cancer-causing b. contain protein coat that surrounds the
genes (oncogene) nucleic acid (nucleocapsid)
THIRD GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
c. multiple inside living cells by using the
Murray and Thomas First transplants using
synthesizing machinery of the cell
immunosuppressive
Viral Nucleic Acid (NA) – depending on the
drugs
virus, NA can be linear or circular
Fischer and Krebs Enzymes that
regulate cell growth Capsid – protein coat that protects the NA
(protein kinases) Capsomeres – protein subunits contained in
Mullis PCR amplification each capsid
Marshall and Warren Helicobacter pylori • in some viruses the capsid is covered
Barre-Sinoussi and HIV discovery by an enveloped; a combination of
Montagnier lipid, protein, and CHO; may or may
Youyou Tu Treatment for malaria not be covered by spikes
Spikes – CHO-protein complexes that project
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY from the surface of the envelope.
RNA Viruses – Ebola, hemorrhagic fever, SARS,
Microorganisms are classified as acellular or influenza, hepatitis C, West Nile fever, polio,
cellular. measles, HIV
Acellular – not made up of cells, non-living, DNA Viruses – chicken pox, herpes, small pox
e.g., viroid, prions, viruses • vaccines are available for many
Cellular – made up of cells, either prokaryotes viruses
or eukaryotes GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
• Prokaryotes are Archaea, Bacteria, 1. Helical Virus – long rod, cylindrical capsid
and Cyanobacteria - rabies, Ebola hemorrhagic fever
• Eukaryotes are algae, protozoa, and 2. Polyhedral Virus – in shape of icosahedron
fungi (triangular phases)
ACELLULAR MICROORGANISMS - adenovirus and poliovirus
1. Viruses 3. Enveloped Virus – roughly spherical (either
• Smallest known infectious agent helical or polyhedral)
• Subcellular microorganism; have - enveloped helical viruses are influenza
only one nucleic acid surrounded by and AH1N1
a protein coat called capsid. (a - enveloped polyhedral is herpes
capsid with nucleic acid is called simplex virus
nucleocapsid) 4. Complex Virus
• must live and grow in living cells of Bacteriophages: can either be lysogenic and
other organisms (obligatory lytic cycle
intracellular parasites) • viruses that infect bacterium
• Capsomeres are protein subunits • Phages in stressful environment
contained in each capsid undergo cycles (starvation and
• Envelope is the outmost layer of most chemical exposure)
viruses that protects their genetic Lytic Cycle – normal or general cycle of
material. bacteriophages where it weakens the
Virion – a complete, fully developed, infectious bacterium
viral particle
Prelims Reviewer – Lecture
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY 7. Multicellular Animal Parasites –
prokaryotes
Microbiology – the study of microorganisms, • two major groups of parasitic worms
those that cannot be viewed by the naked are flatworms and roundworms
eye. collectively called helminths.
- Most important decomposers (absorbed IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS
by the plant) 1. Number and uses – 50% of biological
1. Bacteria – are relatively simple, single carbon and 90% of biological nitrogen
celled (unicellular) organisms, 2. Found everywhere
prokaryotes 3. Functioning of the Biosphere
• Enclosed in cell walls that are largely 4. Source of Nutrients
composed of carbohydrate and 5. Body digestion and vitamins – Vitamin B
protein complex called and K.
peptidoglycan. 6. Application of Modern Biotechnology –
food, vaccines, and vitamins
7. Harmful Impacts
FIELDS AND OCCUPATION
1. Public Health Microbiology and
Epidemiology
2. Viruses – acellular 2. Environmental Microbiology –
• Contains a core made of only one ecological relationship
type of nucleic acid, either RNA or 3. Biotechnology – living microorganisms to
DNA. create new products
• Can reproduce only by using cellular 4. Immunology – role of protective
machinery of other organisms (host) substances and reaction causes by
3. Fungi – eukaryotes, maybe unicellular or microorganism
multicellular 5. Genetic Engineering and rDNA – make
• Cannot carry photosynthesis new products, GMO
• Cell walls composed of chitin 6. Agricultural Microbiology – concerned
4. Archaea – prokaryotic cells, cell walls in domesticated plants and animals
that lack peptidoglycan 7. Food Microbiology – concerned with
• Found in extreme environments the impacts of microorganisms to food.
Methanogens – produces methane as a BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY
waste product 1. Bacteriology – bacteria
Halophiles – extreme salty environment 2. Mycology – fungi
Thermophiles – extreme heat 3. Protozoology – protozoans, protists
5. Protists – protozoans 4. Virology – viruses
• Unicellular eukaryotic microbes 5. Phytology – algae
• Moves through pseudopods, flagella, 6. Morphology – detailed structure
or cilia. 7. Physiology – function or metabolism
6. Algae – are photosynthetic eukaryotes 8. Taxonomy – classification, naming, and
• Cell walls of many algae are nomenclature
composed of carbohydrate called 9. Microbial Genetic – genetic material
cellulose. and biochemical reaction
, 10. Microbial Ecology – roles of John Needham – supporter
microorganisms in ecosystem (nutrient Lazzaro Spallanzani – microbes from the air
cycle) probably entered Needham’s solution.
SPECIALTY PROFFESIONS Rudolf Virchow – Theory of Biogenesis, life
1. Geomicrobiologist – roles in the comes from pre-existing cells
development in Earth’s crust Louis Pasteur Experiment – demonstrated that
2. Marine Biologist – ocean and its smallest microbes are responsible for food spoilage,
inhabitants leading researchers to the connection
3. Medical Technology – help diagnose between microbes and disease
pathogenic microorganisms • Basis of aseptic techniques
4. Nurse Epidemiologist – analyze the • Life can be destroyed by heat and
occurrence of infections and diseases. that methods can be devised to
5. Astrobiologist – in the space block the access of airborne
microorganisms
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
1. Normal Flora – are present in the human Major Events
body and do not cause any harm or 1. Fermentation and Pasteurization
disease. 2. Germ Theory of Diseases –
2. Pathogens – disease causing microorganisms can cause diseases
microorganisms Agostino Basi – silk worm disease
NAMING OF MICROBES caused by fungus
1. Subcellular – DNA and RNA surrounded Louis Pasteur – protozoans can cause
by a protein coat – viruses disease
2. Prokaryotic – simple cell structure with Joseph Lister – phenol in medical
no nucleus or organelles – bacteria procedures
3. Eukaryotic – complex cell structure with ROBERT KOCH
nucleus and specialized organelles – – discovered Bacillus anthracis in the blood of
protozoans, fungi, and parasites cattle.
STANDARDIZED NAMING • Stablished Koch’s Postulate, relate
a. Genus – category of biologic certain disease to a specific
classification (e.g., Staphylococcus) organism
b. Species – represents a distinct type of • Demonstrated the role of bacteria in
microorganisms (e.g., Staphylococcus causing disease
aureus and Staphylococcus • He used gelatin as solid media but it
epidermidis) was not an ideal due to:
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY 1. Gelatin is a protein; it is digested
1665 – Robert Hooke discovered smallest by many bacteria capable of
structural units’ “cells”, from the cork. producing a proteolytic
• Proposed Cell Theory, all living things exoenzyme gelatinase that
are composed of cells hydrolyses the protein to amino
Anton van Leeuwenhoek – first to observe live acids
microorganisms through the magnifying lenses 2. It melts when temperature rises
1673 to 1723 – He wrote about the animalcules above 25 deg Celsius
he saw through his simple single lens KOCH’S POSTULATE
microscope. 1. The suspected pathogenic organisms
DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION should be present in all cases of the
Theory: Some forms of life could arise disease and absent from healthy
spontaneously from non-living matter animals
Francesco Redi – opponent
, 2. The suspected organisms should be NOBEL LAUREATES
grown in culture Name Contribution
3. Cells from a pure culture of the Von behring Diphtheria
suspected organisms should cause a Ronald Ross Malaria
disease Robert Koch TB
4. The organisms should be reisolated and Melchnikoff Phagocytosis
grown to be the same as the original Flemming Penicillin
FANNE EILSHEIUS HESSE Watson and Crick Structure DNA
• One of the Koch’s assistants, first Holley and Khorsna Genetic Code
proposed the use of agar in culture Pruisser Prions
media. Benuer and Hervitz Genetic regulation of
organ development
• It was not attacked by most bacteria
and cell death.
• Agar us better than gelatin because
of its higher melting point (96oC) and
FIRST GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
solidifying point (40-45oC).
Name Discovery
RICHARD PETRI
Pasteur Fermentation
• He developed the petri dish, a Disproved
container for solid culture media. Spontaneous
EDWARD JENNER Generation
• First to prevent small pox Pasteurization
• Discovered the technique of Lister Ascetic Surgery
vaccination Koch Germ Theory Disease
ALEXANDER FLEMMING Neisser Neisseria
• Discovered the penicillin from gonorrhoeae
Penicillium notatum that destroy Koch Pure culture
several pathogenic bacteria. FInlay Yellow fever
PAUL ERLICH Koch Mycobacterium
• Discovered the treatment of syphilis tuberculosis
by using arsenic called salvarsan. Hess Agar solid media
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES Koch Vibrio cholerae
Metchikoff Phagocytosis
BACTERIA
Gram Gram Staining
Discoverer Discovered
Escherich Escherichia coli
Hansen (1874) Leprosy bacillus
Petri Petri dish
Neisser (1879) Gonococcus
KItasato Clostridium tetani
Ogston (1881) Staphylococcus
Von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin
Loeffler (1884) Diphtheria bacillus
Ehrlich Theory of Immunity
Roux and Yersin Diphtheria toxin
Winogradsky Sulfur cycle
VIRUSES
Shiga Shigella dysenteriae
Beijerinck (1898) Coined the term virus
Ehrlich Syphilis treatment
for filterable
infectious agents Chagas Trypanosoma cruzi
Pasteur Rabies vaccine Rous Tumor-causing virus
Good Pasteur Cultivation of viruses SECOND GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
on chick embryos Flemming Penicillin
Charles Porcelain bacterial Waksman Streptomycin
Chamberland filter H. Krebs Chemical steps of
Twort and d’Herelle Bacteriophages the Krebs Cycle
Edward Jenner Vaccination for small Enders Poliovirus cultured in
pox cell cultures
Sanger and Gilbert Sequencing DNA
, Jerne, Kohler, and Producing • cause the synthesis of specialized
Milstein monoclonal structures that can transfer the viral
antibodies nucleic acid to other cells
Tonegawa Genetics of antibody DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
production a. contain single type of nucleic acid
Bishop and Varmus Cancer-causing b. contain protein coat that surrounds the
genes (oncogene) nucleic acid (nucleocapsid)
THIRD GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
c. multiple inside living cells by using the
Murray and Thomas First transplants using
synthesizing machinery of the cell
immunosuppressive
Viral Nucleic Acid (NA) – depending on the
drugs
virus, NA can be linear or circular
Fischer and Krebs Enzymes that
regulate cell growth Capsid – protein coat that protects the NA
(protein kinases) Capsomeres – protein subunits contained in
Mullis PCR amplification each capsid
Marshall and Warren Helicobacter pylori • in some viruses the capsid is covered
Barre-Sinoussi and HIV discovery by an enveloped; a combination of
Montagnier lipid, protein, and CHO; may or may
Youyou Tu Treatment for malaria not be covered by spikes
Spikes – CHO-protein complexes that project
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY from the surface of the envelope.
RNA Viruses – Ebola, hemorrhagic fever, SARS,
Microorganisms are classified as acellular or influenza, hepatitis C, West Nile fever, polio,
cellular. measles, HIV
Acellular – not made up of cells, non-living, DNA Viruses – chicken pox, herpes, small pox
e.g., viroid, prions, viruses • vaccines are available for many
Cellular – made up of cells, either prokaryotes viruses
or eukaryotes GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
• Prokaryotes are Archaea, Bacteria, 1. Helical Virus – long rod, cylindrical capsid
and Cyanobacteria - rabies, Ebola hemorrhagic fever
• Eukaryotes are algae, protozoa, and 2. Polyhedral Virus – in shape of icosahedron
fungi (triangular phases)
ACELLULAR MICROORGANISMS - adenovirus and poliovirus
1. Viruses 3. Enveloped Virus – roughly spherical (either
• Smallest known infectious agent helical or polyhedral)
• Subcellular microorganism; have - enveloped helical viruses are influenza
only one nucleic acid surrounded by and AH1N1
a protein coat called capsid. (a - enveloped polyhedral is herpes
capsid with nucleic acid is called simplex virus
nucleocapsid) 4. Complex Virus
• must live and grow in living cells of Bacteriophages: can either be lysogenic and
other organisms (obligatory lytic cycle
intracellular parasites) • viruses that infect bacterium
• Capsomeres are protein subunits • Phages in stressful environment
contained in each capsid undergo cycles (starvation and
• Envelope is the outmost layer of most chemical exposure)
viruses that protects their genetic Lytic Cycle – normal or general cycle of
material. bacteriophages where it weakens the
Virion – a complete, fully developed, infectious bacterium
viral particle
