NR 283 QUIZ 4 Study Guide Rated A+
1). Osteoporosis
Ans: Happens when Bone resorption exceeds formation due to decrease in bone
density.
Results in loss of compact bone due to holes in the bone and the bone can break easily
2). Diagnosis of osteoporosis
Ans: bone density scan
3). Complication of osteoporosis
Ans: fractures of vertebrae, wrist, or hip can also lead to kyphosis and scoliosis if not
diagnose early
4). Predisposing factors of osteoporosis
Ans: Age 50+ years
Decreased mobility or sedentary lifestyle
Hormonal factors: Excess corticosteroids or parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Deficit of
estrogen (post menopausesal women) or testosterone
Deficits of calcium, vitamin D, or protein
Cigarette smoking ( decrease bone density)
Asian or European ancestry
Excessive caffeine intake
5). Muscular dystrophy (md)
Ans: group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal
muscle
6). Duchenne md
Ans: most common type of Muscular Dystrophy (MD) affecting only males. Females
are carriers .
Signs and symptoms appears at age 2 to 3
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, 7). Duchenne md signs and symptoms
Ans: early motor weakness Weakness in pelvic girdle causing waddling gait, difficulty
climbing stairs
Gower Maneuver to stand : pushing up to erect position
Tendon reflexes reduced
Deformities develop, such as kyphoscoliosis.
Respiratory infections common due to weakness because they can't breath in deeply
Cardiac myopathy occurs commonly.
8). Diagnosis of duchenne md
Ans: Elevated creatine kinase levels
Electromyography
Muscle biopsy
Blood test shows abnormal dystrophin levels
9). Osteoarthritis
Ans: Degenerative—wear and tear joint disease
Inflammation of bone and joint. May be the result of increased weight-bearing or lifting
Affect men more than women
10). Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis
Ans: Articular cartilage is damaged causing Surface of cartilage becomes rough and
worn
Tissue damage causes release of enzymes, accelerating disintegration of cartilage.
Subchondral bone may be exposed.
Cysts, osteophytes, or new bone spurs develop.
Osteophytes and cartilage break off.
Joint space becomes narrower.
Secondary inflammation of surrounding tissue
Loss of normal range of joint motion
Pain with weight-bearing and use
11). Primary form of osteoarthritis
Ans: weight bearing, obesity, aging
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, 12). Secondary form of osteoarthritis
Ans: follows trauma or repetitive use
13). Signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis
Ans: Aching pain with weight-bearing and movement
Joint movement is limited because of pain.
Recreational and social activities become limited because of pain.
Walking is difficult.
Predisposition to falls
In temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome(mouth joint), mastication and speaking are
difficult.
Bony enlargement of distal interphalangeal
14). Rheumatoid arthritis
Ans: a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body
systems are attacked. Causes chronic systemic inflammatory disease
Higher incidence in women than men
Affect all age group
15). Pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis
Ans: Synovitis—marked inflammation, cell proliferation around the joint leading to
Pannus formation( scar tissue )—granulation tissue spreads causing
Cartilage erosion—creates unstable joint
Fibrosis—calcifies and obliterates joint space
Ankylosis—joint fixation ( not been able to move) and deformity develop if untreated.
16). Changes in rheumatoid arthritis
Ans: Frequently occur around the joints
Atrophy of muscles
Bone alignment shifts
Muscle spasms caused by inflammation and pain
Contractures and deformity develop
17). Difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Ans: Rheumatoid is a systemic disease - chronic, systemic disease in which immune
system attacking joint tissues
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1). Osteoporosis
Ans: Happens when Bone resorption exceeds formation due to decrease in bone
density.
Results in loss of compact bone due to holes in the bone and the bone can break easily
2). Diagnosis of osteoporosis
Ans: bone density scan
3). Complication of osteoporosis
Ans: fractures of vertebrae, wrist, or hip can also lead to kyphosis and scoliosis if not
diagnose early
4). Predisposing factors of osteoporosis
Ans: Age 50+ years
Decreased mobility or sedentary lifestyle
Hormonal factors: Excess corticosteroids or parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Deficit of
estrogen (post menopausesal women) or testosterone
Deficits of calcium, vitamin D, or protein
Cigarette smoking ( decrease bone density)
Asian or European ancestry
Excessive caffeine intake
5). Muscular dystrophy (md)
Ans: group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal
muscle
6). Duchenne md
Ans: most common type of Muscular Dystrophy (MD) affecting only males. Females
are carriers .
Signs and symptoms appears at age 2 to 3
PaperStoc.com Page 1 of 17
, 7). Duchenne md signs and symptoms
Ans: early motor weakness Weakness in pelvic girdle causing waddling gait, difficulty
climbing stairs
Gower Maneuver to stand : pushing up to erect position
Tendon reflexes reduced
Deformities develop, such as kyphoscoliosis.
Respiratory infections common due to weakness because they can't breath in deeply
Cardiac myopathy occurs commonly.
8). Diagnosis of duchenne md
Ans: Elevated creatine kinase levels
Electromyography
Muscle biopsy
Blood test shows abnormal dystrophin levels
9). Osteoarthritis
Ans: Degenerative—wear and tear joint disease
Inflammation of bone and joint. May be the result of increased weight-bearing or lifting
Affect men more than women
10). Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis
Ans: Articular cartilage is damaged causing Surface of cartilage becomes rough and
worn
Tissue damage causes release of enzymes, accelerating disintegration of cartilage.
Subchondral bone may be exposed.
Cysts, osteophytes, or new bone spurs develop.
Osteophytes and cartilage break off.
Joint space becomes narrower.
Secondary inflammation of surrounding tissue
Loss of normal range of joint motion
Pain with weight-bearing and use
11). Primary form of osteoarthritis
Ans: weight bearing, obesity, aging
PaperStoc.com Page 2 of 17
, 12). Secondary form of osteoarthritis
Ans: follows trauma or repetitive use
13). Signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis
Ans: Aching pain with weight-bearing and movement
Joint movement is limited because of pain.
Recreational and social activities become limited because of pain.
Walking is difficult.
Predisposition to falls
In temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome(mouth joint), mastication and speaking are
difficult.
Bony enlargement of distal interphalangeal
14). Rheumatoid arthritis
Ans: a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body
systems are attacked. Causes chronic systemic inflammatory disease
Higher incidence in women than men
Affect all age group
15). Pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis
Ans: Synovitis—marked inflammation, cell proliferation around the joint leading to
Pannus formation( scar tissue )—granulation tissue spreads causing
Cartilage erosion—creates unstable joint
Fibrosis—calcifies and obliterates joint space
Ankylosis—joint fixation ( not been able to move) and deformity develop if untreated.
16). Changes in rheumatoid arthritis
Ans: Frequently occur around the joints
Atrophy of muscles
Bone alignment shifts
Muscle spasms caused by inflammation and pain
Contractures and deformity develop
17). Difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Ans: Rheumatoid is a systemic disease - chronic, systemic disease in which immune
system attacking joint tissues
PaperStoc.com Page 3 of 17
