Essential Communication Final Exam Questions and Correct Answers, Complete solution, 2024

Essential Communication Final Exam Questions and Correct Answers, Complete solution, 2024 Social exchange theory A model that suggests that we stay with people who can give us rewards that are greater than or equal to the costs we encounter in dealing with them. Family People who share affection and resources as a family and who think of themselves and present themselves as a family, regardless of their genetic commonality. Conversation A family communication pattern in which members are encouraged to communicate openly about rules and expectations. Conformity A family communication pattern in which members are expected to adhere to an established set of rules, beliefs, and values. Authoritarian An approach in which parents are strict and demanding and expect unquestioning obedience. Authoritative An approach in which parents are firm, clear, and strict, but encourage children to communicate openly with them. Permissive An approach in which parents are open to dialogue but do not require children to follow many rules. Intimacy A state of closeness between people that can be manifested physically, intellectually, emotionally, and via shared activities. Developmental model (of relational maintenance) Proposes that relationships develop, maintain stability, and come apart in stages that reflect different levels of intimacy. Relational maintenance The process of keeping stable relationships operating smoothly and satisfactorily. Dialectical model (of relational maintenance) A model claiming that, throughout their lifetime, people in virtually all interpersonal relationships must deal with equally important, simultaneous, and opposing forces such as connection and autonomy, predictability and novelty, and openness versus privacy. Compromise An approach to conflict resolution in which both parties attain at least part of what they seek through self-sacrifice. Altruistic lie Deception intended to be nonmalicious, or even helpful, to the person to whom it is told. Equivocation Language with more than one likely interpretation. Hinting Saying something to bring about a desired response without asking for it directly. Omission A type of deception in which one person withholds information that another person deserves to know. Fabrication A message in which the speaker deliberately misleads another person in a mean-spirited or manipulative way. Nonassertion The inability or unwillingness to express one's thoughts or feelings. Directly aggressive message An expression of the sender's thoughts or feelings, or both, that attacks the position and dignity of the receiver. Passive aggression An indirect expression of aggression, delivered in a way that allows the sender to maintain a facade of kindness. Indirect communication Hinting a message instead of expressing thoughts and feelings directly. Assertive communication A style that directly expresses the sender's needs, thoughts, or feelings, delivered in a way that does not attack the receiver's dignity. Criticism Personal, all-encompassing, and accusatory messages. Contempt Reflects the speaker's negative attitude or opinion toward another person. Defensiveness Striking back when one feels attacked by another. Stonewalling A form of avoidance in which one person refuses to engage with the other. Win-win problem solving A means of resolving conflict in which the goal is a solution that satisfies both people's needs. Networking The strategic process of deliberately meeting people and maintaining contacts. Informational interview A structured meeting in which you seek answers from a source whose knowledge can help enhance your success. Selection interview A formal meeting (in person or via communication technology) to exchange information that may occur when you are being considered for employment or being evaluated for promotion or reassignment. Behavioral interview A formal meeting (in person or via communication technology) to exchange information about an applicant's past performance as it relates to the job at hand. Downward communication Messages from supervisors to the people they supervise. Upward communication Messages from team members to supervisors. Horizontal communication Messages between members of an organization with equal power. Social intelligence The capacity to effectively negotiate complex social relationships and environments. Trait theories of leadership The belief that is possible to identify leaders by personal traits, such as intelligence, appearance, or sociability. Situational leadership A theory that argues that the most effective leadership style varies according to leader-member relations, the leader's power, and the task structure. Emergent leader A member who assumes leadership roles without being appointed by higher-ups. Power The ability to influence others' thoughts and/or actions. Legitimate power The ability to influence a group owing to one's position in a group. Nominal leaders People who have been officially designated as being in charge of a group. Expert power The ability to influence others by virtue of one's perceived expertise on the subject in question. Connection power Influence granted by virtue of a member's ability to develop relationships that help the group reach its goal. Reward power The ability to influence others by the granting or promising of desirable consequences. Coercive power The power to influence others by the threat or imposition of unpleasant consequences. Referent power The ability to influence others by the virtue of the degree to which one is liked or respected. Group A small collection of people whose members interact with one another, usually face-to-face, over time in order to reach goals. Group goals Goals that a group collectively seeks to accomplish. Individual goals Individual motives for joining a group. Social loafing Lazy behavior that some members use to avoid doing their share of the work. Team A group that has clear and inspiring shared goals, a results-driven structure, competent team members, unified commitment, a collaborative climate, external support and recognition, and principled leadership. Rule An explicit, officially stated guideline that governs group functions and member behavior. Norms Shared values, beliefs, behaviors, and procedures that govern a group's operation. Social norms Group norms that govern the way members relate to one another. Procedural norms Norms that describe rules for the group's operation. Task norms Group norms that govern the way members handle the job at hand. All-channel network A communication network pattern in which group members are always together and share all information with one another. Chain network A communication network in which information passes sequentially from one member to another. Wheel network A communication network in which a gatekeeper regulates the flow of information from all other members. Gatekeepers Producers of mass messages who determine what messages will be delivered to consumers, how those messages will be constructed, and when they will be delivered. Roles The patterns of behavior expected of group members. Formal role A role assigned to a person by group members or an organization, usually to establish order. Informal role Roles usually not explicitly recognized by a group that describe functions of group members, rather than their positions. These are sometimes called "functional roles." Task roles Roles group members take on in order to help solve a problem. Social roles Emotional roles concerned with maintaining smooth personal relationships among group members. Also termed "maintenance functions." Orientation stage A stage in problem-solving groups when members become familiar with one another's position and tentatively volunteer their own. Conflict stage A stage in problem-solving groups when members openly defend their positions and question those of others. Emergence stage