ATI Proctored Exam: Community Health
(Public Health) 2024/2025
Community Health Nursing Theories
- Nightingale's Theory of Environment
- Health Belief Model
- Likelihood of Taking Action Factors
Nightingale's Theory of Environment: Focuses on impact of a person's environment
on their health. Focus in on preventative care (washing hands, clean environment).
Health Belief Model: Assumes a persons primary motivation in taking positive health
actions is to avoid getting a disease.
Likelihood of taking action is based on:
1. Modifying variables (age, gender, race, economy, education)
2. Perceived severity and susceptibility of getting the disease
3. Perceived benefits vs. barriers of taking action
4. Cues to action (i.e. advice of doctor, media campaign)
Community-Based Nursing versus Community-Oriented Nursing
The community or population is the "client" in community health nursing.
Community-Based Nursing: Focused on ILLNESS care (acute or chronic conditions)
for individuals and families.
- Examples: Home Health nurse doing wound care, School nurse administering epi-pen.
*Community-Oriented Nursing: Focused on improving the collective health of the
community.
- Examples: Health education and promotion, disease prevention activities. No illness
care! Community-oriented nursing = public health nursing.
Community Health Nursing versus Public Health Nursing
Community Health Nursing: Delivers health care services to individuals, families, and
groups. Includes community-based nursing (illness care for individuals and families)
AND community-oriented nursing (community focused care, with an emphasis on
education and disease prevention).
Public Health Nursing: Disease prevention and health promotion of communities and
populations. They re not providing direct care to individuals! Public health nursing =
community-oriented nursing.
Four Ethical Principles in Community Health Nursing
- Respect for Autonomy
- Non-Maleficence
- Beneficence
- Distributive Justice
, Respect for Authority: Respect a patient's right to self-determination.
Non-Maleficence: Do no harm
Beneficence: Do what is best (i.e. maximize benefits)
Distributive Justice: Fair allocation of resources in community.
Epidemiology and Components of Epidemiology Triangle
Epidemiology: Study of spread, transmission, and incidence of disease/injury.
Components of Epidemiology Triangle
- Agent: What is causing the disease (i.e. bacteria, toxin, noise)
- Host: Human/animal being affected by the disease
- Environment: Physical environment (water/food supply, geography). Social
environment (access to health care, work conditions, poverty).
Incidence vs. Prevalence
Incidence: Number of NEW case of disease/injury in a population during a specified
period of time.
Prevalence: Number of ALL cases (new and pre-existing) of disease/injury in a
population during a specified period of time.
Community Health Education and Healthy People 2020
Community Health Education
- Obstacles: Age culture, illiteracy, language barriers, lack of access, lack of motivation.
- Learning Styles: visual (video, presentations), auditory (verbal lectures, discussions),
tactile-kinesthetic (hands-on, return demonstration).
Healthy People 2020: Includes national health goals based on major risk to health and
wellness of U.S. population (i.e.: Diabetes,Cancer, Older Adults, LGBT health).
Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary Prevention
Primary Prevention: Prevents initial occurrence of disease.
- i.e. education, immunizations, prenatal classes.
Secondary Prevention: Focuses on early detection of disease, limiting severity of
disease.
- i.e. screenings, disease surveillance, control of outbreaks.
Tertiary Prevention: Maximize recovery after an injury/illness.
- i.e. rehabilitation, PT/OT, support groups
- Acculturation
- Ethnocentrism
- Cultural Assessment
- Interpreter
Acculturation: Adopting the traits of a different culture.
Ethnocentrism: The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others. View world
(Public Health) 2024/2025
Community Health Nursing Theories
- Nightingale's Theory of Environment
- Health Belief Model
- Likelihood of Taking Action Factors
Nightingale's Theory of Environment: Focuses on impact of a person's environment
on their health. Focus in on preventative care (washing hands, clean environment).
Health Belief Model: Assumes a persons primary motivation in taking positive health
actions is to avoid getting a disease.
Likelihood of taking action is based on:
1. Modifying variables (age, gender, race, economy, education)
2. Perceived severity and susceptibility of getting the disease
3. Perceived benefits vs. barriers of taking action
4. Cues to action (i.e. advice of doctor, media campaign)
Community-Based Nursing versus Community-Oriented Nursing
The community or population is the "client" in community health nursing.
Community-Based Nursing: Focused on ILLNESS care (acute or chronic conditions)
for individuals and families.
- Examples: Home Health nurse doing wound care, School nurse administering epi-pen.
*Community-Oriented Nursing: Focused on improving the collective health of the
community.
- Examples: Health education and promotion, disease prevention activities. No illness
care! Community-oriented nursing = public health nursing.
Community Health Nursing versus Public Health Nursing
Community Health Nursing: Delivers health care services to individuals, families, and
groups. Includes community-based nursing (illness care for individuals and families)
AND community-oriented nursing (community focused care, with an emphasis on
education and disease prevention).
Public Health Nursing: Disease prevention and health promotion of communities and
populations. They re not providing direct care to individuals! Public health nursing =
community-oriented nursing.
Four Ethical Principles in Community Health Nursing
- Respect for Autonomy
- Non-Maleficence
- Beneficence
- Distributive Justice
, Respect for Authority: Respect a patient's right to self-determination.
Non-Maleficence: Do no harm
Beneficence: Do what is best (i.e. maximize benefits)
Distributive Justice: Fair allocation of resources in community.
Epidemiology and Components of Epidemiology Triangle
Epidemiology: Study of spread, transmission, and incidence of disease/injury.
Components of Epidemiology Triangle
- Agent: What is causing the disease (i.e. bacteria, toxin, noise)
- Host: Human/animal being affected by the disease
- Environment: Physical environment (water/food supply, geography). Social
environment (access to health care, work conditions, poverty).
Incidence vs. Prevalence
Incidence: Number of NEW case of disease/injury in a population during a specified
period of time.
Prevalence: Number of ALL cases (new and pre-existing) of disease/injury in a
population during a specified period of time.
Community Health Education and Healthy People 2020
Community Health Education
- Obstacles: Age culture, illiteracy, language barriers, lack of access, lack of motivation.
- Learning Styles: visual (video, presentations), auditory (verbal lectures, discussions),
tactile-kinesthetic (hands-on, return demonstration).
Healthy People 2020: Includes national health goals based on major risk to health and
wellness of U.S. population (i.e.: Diabetes,Cancer, Older Adults, LGBT health).
Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary Prevention
Primary Prevention: Prevents initial occurrence of disease.
- i.e. education, immunizations, prenatal classes.
Secondary Prevention: Focuses on early detection of disease, limiting severity of
disease.
- i.e. screenings, disease surveillance, control of outbreaks.
Tertiary Prevention: Maximize recovery after an injury/illness.
- i.e. rehabilitation, PT/OT, support groups
- Acculturation
- Ethnocentrism
- Cultural Assessment
- Interpreter
Acculturation: Adopting the traits of a different culture.
Ethnocentrism: The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others. View world
