CPH Exam: Epidemiology Question And Answers Already Passed.

Epidemiology - correct answer *the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. Endemic disease - correct answer *habitual presence of disease within a given geographic area Epidemic - correct answer *Occurrence in a community of a group of illnesses of similar nature in excess of what would normally be expected. Amount of disease depends on # susceptible (at risk) and # not susceptible by way of immunization, past disease or genetics. Pandemic - correct answer *worldwide epidemic Outbreak types: Common source - correct answer *group of persons exposed to common agent *point-exposed over a brief period of time *intermittent-exposed over a long period of time. Outbreak types: Propagated - correct answer *spreads gradually from person to person. Outbreak types: Mixed epidemic - correct answer *common source and from person to person. Outbreak Investigation Steps - correct answer 1. Define the epidemic --cases, population at risk, determine attack rate, primary case, secondary case, secondary attack rate. 2. Look for the time-place interactions of cases, persons 3. Look for combinations of variables 4. Develop hypothesis 5. Recommend control measures Attack rate - correct answer *number of people at risk who develop the disease/number of people at risk Primary case - correct answer *the person who gets the disease form the source Secondary Case - correct answer *the person who gets the disease from the primary case. Secondary attack rate - correct answer *person to person spread *number of persons who got sick via the primary case/number of persons exposed to primary case. Incidence - correct answer *measure of risk (new cases) Prevalence - correct answer *measure of the burden of disease in a community (new and pre-existing cases) *point prevalence: at a specific point in time *period prevalence: during a specific period of time. Morbidity - correct answer *the occurrence of disease in populations; the number of cases of a particular disease reported within a particular society and within a particular period of time. Mortality - correct answer *proportion in a population that dies during a specified period. Case Fatality (CF) or fatality rate - correct answer *measures the severity of disease. *it is the ratio of deaths within a designated population of people with a particular condition, over a certain period of time. Primary prevention - correct answer *prevent the disease from occurring (e.g. immunization) Secondary prevention - correct answer *modify the severity of the extent of the disease (e.g. better access to emergency care) Tertiary prevention - correct answer *rehabilitation; measures to prevent reoccurrence of disease. Descriptive epidemiology - correct answer *describes the health conditions and health-related characteristics of populations, typically in terms of person, place, and time. Types of descriptive studies - correct answer *routine analyses of vital statistics, communicable disease reports, other notifiable events. *periodic surveys of health status, knowledge, belief, attitudes, practices, behavior, environmental exposures, and health care encounters. *specialized surveys to establish prevalence of a condition, a characteristic or use of a medical procedure. Analytic epidemiology - correct answer *involves the systematic evaluation of suspected relationships, for example between an exposure and a health outcome. *usually involves the testing of hypotheses Types of analytic studies - correct answer *case-control studies; comparison of people who develop a condition with people who do not *follow up studies: a comparison of people with and without a characteristic in relation to a health related event *Intervention trials; comparison of a subsequent experience exhibited by people to whom a treatment or preventative intervention has been given, to that of people not provided that intervention. Aggregate Data - correct answer *vital statistics *data from government databases *summaries of disease and injury reporting systems and registries *environmental monitoring systems *production and sales data Individual Level data - correct answer *vital events registration *disease and injury reporting systems and registries *national surveys *medical records *questionnaires *biological specimens Type I error (alpha) - correct answer *reject the null hypothesis when it is true. Type II error (beta) - correct answer *do not reject the null hypothesis when it is false. Power - correct answer *probability of detecting a