HUBS 191 progress test 1, Complete Verified Solution 2024.

HUBS 191 progress test 1, Complete Verified Solution 2024. epithelial tissue lines tracts and airways, maintain shape with water connective tissue loose, dense, fluid, supporting, fills internal space loose connective tissue holds organs in place attaches epithelial to other tissues dense connective tissue ligaments, tendons, a lot of collagen, resists tension, elastic fluid tissue blood, lymph supporting tissue cartilage and bone nervous tissue conducting cells and support cells, communication, regulates body functions muscular tissue skeletal, cardiac and smooth skeletal muscle tissue on the skeleton caridac muscle heart muscle smooth tissue lines hollow organs i.e. blood sagital coronal Transverse long bone longer than wide, lever for movement, compact bone in diaphysis short bone mainly cancellous, similar width and length, weight bearing flat bones thin flat bones, mainly compact with some cancellous, point of muscle attachment/protection irregular bone variable shape and function skull compartments facial bones, cranial vault, mandible rib cage compartments jugular notch, mandibrium, body, xiphoid process, 2 sets of 12 ribs, coastal cartilage vertebral column compartments cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacrum 5 fused, coccyx 3-5 pectoral girdle clavicle and scapula pelvic girdle illium, ischium, pubis upper limbs humerus, radius, ulna, carpals 8, metacarpals 5, phalanges lower limbs femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals 7, metatarsals 5, phalanges limb structure 1 proximal 2 distal hands/feet upper limb pronate and supinate limb attachments to the girdles, upper limb to pectoral, lower limb to pelvic extracellular component of bone organic 33% collagen resist tension, inorganic 67% mineral salts resist bending osteoblasts build bone live in subperiosteum osteocytes old osteoblasts, live in lacunae, communicate when to turn over bone osteoclasts clear bone, live in endosteum osteon layers of lamallae lamallae rings around the central canal made of collagen organised in opposing angles central canal where blood and nerves go through bone lacunae 'pools' in the lamallae where osteoclasts live canaliculi how osteoclasts communicate from one lacunae to the next periosteum outside layer of bone allowing penetration of blood into bone subperiostreum layer below the periosteum where osteoblasts live (move in with the blood) endosteum inside membrane of the bone where osteoclasts live trabeculae structures of lamallae in cancellous bone marrow fluid in cancellous bone, red marrow produces red blood cells osteoblasts cancellous live in the blood osteocytes cancellous live in the lacunae on surface of trabeculae ossification production of bone beginning in the diaphysis secondary ossification in the epihpysis epiphyseal plate growth plate of cartilage which bone grows through linear growth vertical growth of long bones through the epiphyseal plates moulding horizontal growth of long bones with the osteoclasts moulding the medullary cavity in the centre cartilage soft connective tissue, hyaline and fibro, made of collagen to resist tension, fed by normal body movement hyaline cartilage smooth covers for the epiphysis to help with smooth bone-bone contact, range of hyaline cartilage relates to ROM function of fibrocartilage i.e. meniscus increases bony congruence and distribution of weight function of hyaline cartilage friction less movement of bones fibrocartilage bundles of collagen, fibres allign with stresses and tension from environment, resist compression and tension bony conquence how well two bones fit together, low BC means high soft tissue i.e. knee Dense fibrous connective tissue ligaments and tendons ligament bone to bone, restrict movement tendon muscle to bone facilitate and control movement fibrous joint no movement i.e. ligament, cranial structure cartilaginous joint fibrocartilage i.e. menisci in knee, some mobility synovial joint majority of our joints, high mobility, bone ends determine ROM capsular ligament collateral ligaments with potential cavity, hold bones in line intracapsular ligaments i.e. ACL inside the joint to hold bones in correct place fibrocartiliginous menisci improve bony congruence and weight distribution under condyles of femur for example resist compression plane joints multi axial sliding and gliding i.e clavicle and mandibrium hinge joint