HUBS 191 Progress Test 1 Questions and Correct Answers.214 Questions and Answers. Complete Solution Updated 2024/2025.

HUBS 191 Progress Test 1 Questions and Correct Answers.214 Questions and Answers. Complete Solution Updated 2024/2025. What makes up the axial skeleton? skull, vertebral column, rib cage What is recruitment? activating more motor units to make more force What are flat bones? Thin plates of compact bone - some cancellous What are flat bones used for? protection and muscle attachment What are irregular bones? Variable in shape size and function What is depolarisation? Membrane potential becomes less negative what causes depolarisation? Na+ enters the cell What are the features of the saddle joint? - biaxial - flexion and extension - abduction and adduction - circumduction - opposition - e.g. carpometacarpal joint (thumb) What does skeletal muscle do? - develop force - control posture - resist movement of joints - under voluntary control - provide support and protection for soft internal organs - voluntary control over major openings - converts energy (in part) to heat to maintain core temperature - provide a major store for energy and protein What is membrane potential typical value? -70mV What maintains the membrane potential? sodium potassium pump what does a neutraliser muscle do? eliminate an unwanted movement caused by another muscle What is hypotonic? what does it cause? too much water in ECF causes cell to swell what is a continuous variable? a variable that can take on any value where is the pubis located? anterior aspect of the pelvic girdle articulates with the other pubis to form the pubic symphysis what is the structure of fibrocartilage? collagen fibres form bundles throughout matrix orientation of fibres align with stresses function is to resist compression and tension what is plantar flexion? toes pointing to the ground how is contraction of a muscle terminated? Ca2+ levels fall in sarcoplasm what is a categorical variable? can summarise variables into categories or groups what is inversion of the foot? sole of foot faces towards midline what are the features of the ball and socket joint? - multiaxial - flexion and extension - abduction and adduction - circumduction - rotation - e.g. shoulder and hip what are the conditions of the 2008 Human Tissue Act? 1. voluntary donation of bodies 2. requires dual signed consent by donor and immediate family member 3. most bodies are held for ~18 months, parts can be held longer for teaching and research what is the primary centre of ossification? diaphysis or shaft what happens once ADP and Pi are released from the myosin head? the myosin head flexes causing the power stroke how does the myosin head become recocked? myosin ATPase hydrolyses ATP to ADP and Pi what are the three types of muscle action? concentric, isometric, eccentric what does a third class lever do? provide a large range of movement and speed, i.e flexion at elbow joint what are the two main types of cartilage? hyaline (articular) and fibrocartilage what is a triad? a membrane triplet, t-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae what are the two types of actin? what is the difference? g-actin is a globular protein the globules assemble to form filamentous protein strands called f-actin. Each thin filament is a twisted strand of 2 rows of f-actin terminating at the z lines. what covers the actin binding sites in relaxation? a pair of tropomyosin associate with each thin filament, these attach to the actin at regular sites, troponin binds at the regular intervals to the binding sites what is the name and structure of the thick filament? myosin it has a long thin tail and a globular head, arrangements of pairs of myosin with tails pointing towards the m-line, heads of various myosin pairs form a spiral, each facing one of the surrounding thin filaments how much of bone ECM is inorganic? 67% what makes up the inorganic component of bone? hydroxyapatite (mineral salts) what is the function of the inorganic component of bone? provide hardness to resist compression what makes up cancellous bone? trabeculae (struts of lamella) what fills the cavities of cancellous bone? marrow where are the osteocytes housed in cancellous bone? in lacuna on the surface of trabeculae what is the function of cancellous bone? diffuse forces, found where shock absorption is required what are short bones? nearly equal length and width, mostly cancellous bone, weight-bearing what is the standard deviation? measures variability and spread, tells us how far away each observation is from the mean what are the two different types of error? errors making the answer more uncertain (more variability) and errors moving us away from the truth (bias) what is isotonic? ECF and ICF solutes are in balance what is hypertonic? water loss from ECF so cell shrinks what does the lipid bilayer do to maintain ion concentrations? acts as an insulator to prevent the free flow of ions what is hyperpolarisation? membrane becomes more negative what causes hyperpolarisation? K+ leaves the cell how is bone growth in length achieved? through the growth plate what is the secondary centre of ossification? epiphysis what is the symbol for sample standard deviation? S