HUBS191 progress test 2 Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Solution. 171 Q&A Updated 2024/2025

HUBS191 progress test 2 Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Solution. 171 Q&A Updated 2024/2025 the central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord the peripheral nervous system consists of peripheral nerves In the CNS, a group of cell bodies is called a nucleus in the CNS a bundle of axons is called a tract in the CNS a group of cell bodies is called grey matter in the CNS a bundle of axons in cerebral cortex or spinal cord is called white matter in the PNS a group of cell bodies is called a ganglion in the PNS a bundle of axons is called a nerve 4 structural components of neurons dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminal purpose of dendrites receives and transmits messages Purpose of the cell body contains nucleus and organelles, sums input purpose of the axon carries electrical impulses purpose of the axon terminal(s) neurotransmitter release four types of glial cells astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells three features of astrocytes supply nutrients, ensheath blood capillaries, injury response 2 features of microglia Immune cells of CNS, engulf microorganisms and debris 2 features of schwann cells line fluid filled spaces, circulate CSF 2 features of oligodendrocytes support nerve fibres, ensheath them with myelin communication through neurons occurs through a junction called a synapse information that goes into the brain is called afferent/ascending response that comes out of the brain is called efferent/descending voluntary muscle control somatic efferent (motor) sensory information we are aware of somatic afferent (sensory) involuntary muscle control autonomic efferent (motor) sensory information we are not aware of autonomic afferent (sensory) What is the myelin sheath made of? multiple shwann cells in line what are the nodes of ranvier gaps in the myelin sheath purpose of myelin sheath increase conduction velocity structural make up of sympathetic nervous system (neurons #2 and #3, in order of pre-ganglionic, distance from CNS and post-ganglionic) short, close, long structural make up of parasympathetic nervous system (neurons #2 and #3, in order of pre-ganglionic, distance from CNS and post ganglionic) long, distant, short preganglionic cell body location in sympathetic thoracolumbar preganglionic cell body location in parasympathetic craniosacral postganglionic cell body location in sympathetic cell body in ganglia, axons in target organs postganglionic cell body location in parasympathetic in or near target organs neurotransmitters for preganglionic in sympathetic and parasympathetic, respectively acetylcholine neurotransmitters for postganglionic in sympathetic and parasympathetic, respectively noradrenaline and acetylcholine ways to speed up an action potential larger diameter, myelinated, nodes of ranvier what is EPSP excitatory post synaptic potential what is the threshold voltage for the axon terminal -60mV what is IPSP inhibitory post synaptic potential difference between IPSP and EPSP epsp is action potential, ipsp is graded potential 3 layers of meninges dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum central sulcus separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes lateral sulcus separates cerebrum from cerebellum transverse fissure separates parietal and occipital lobes parieto-occipital sulcus frontal lobe function language, personality, motor control temporal lobe function memory, hearing occipital lobe function vision parietal lobe function somatosensory what is the brainstem made of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata what does the venous sinus collect venous blood and old csf What does the diencephalon consist of? thalamus and hypothalamus 3 types of white matter tracts commissural tracts, projection tracts, association tracts axons cross from side to side commissural tract axons extend between cortex and other CNS areas outside cerebrum projection tract axons on same side within cerebral cortex, communication between brain areas association tract somatosensory cortex is responsible for sensation and perception action potentials in axons and neurotransmitters release at synapse synaptic control system hormones released into blood endocrine control system what links the nervous system to the endocrine system hypothalamus what are hormones chemical messengers either reduces change until stimulus is removed or directly inhibits further release negative feedback