Biod 151 - final exam Questions and Answers, With Pictorial Diagrams, Complete Solution.

Biod 151 - final exam Questions and Answers, With Pictorial Diagrams, Complete Solution. What are the levels of organization in the body? atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism What is superior v inferior? toward the head (above) v away from the head (below) What is ventral v dorsal? front (anterior) v back (posterior) What is medial v lateral? toward the midline of the body v away from the midline of the body What is proximal v distal? close to the point of attachment v farther from point of attachment What is deep v superficial? away from the body surface v toward the body surface What is flexion v extension? closing of a joint v opening of a joint what is ABduction v ADDuction? movement away from midline v movement toward midline What is dorsiflexion v plantarflexion? toes up v toes down What is pronation v supination? palms up/foot lateral v palms down/foot medial What is elevation v depression? upward movement of a structure v downward movement of a structure What is retraction v protraction? movement of a structure drawn backward v movement of a structure drawn forward Describe anatomical position Standing upright with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward and thumbs facing away from the body What is the sagittal plane? divides body into left and right (midsagittal is equal parts) What are frontal planes? divides body into front and back What is a transverse plane? divides the body into superior and inferior parts What lies within the dorsal cavity? the cranial cavity, the spinal cavity, pelvic cavity What lies within the ventral body cavity? thoracic cavity, pleural cavity, thoracic cavity, pericardial cavity, abdominopelvic cavity What is serosa? membrane that lines the ventral body cavity and the outer surface of the organs What is pleurisy? inflammation of the pleurae What are the nine abdominopelvic regions? R/L hypochondriac, epigastric, R/L lumbar, umbilical, R/L hypogastric, hypogastric Why do cells need to remain relatively small? Because as the cell expands, the amount of surface area relative to volume decreases. The smaller cell is more active when its surface area, relative to its volume, is bigger What are the three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell? smaller than eukaryotic, DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane, do not contain many of the internal membrane-bound organelles that eukaryotic cells have What parts of a prokaryotic cell can be labeled? capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmid, pili, bacterial flagellum, nucleoid What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell? surrounded by a nuclear membrane and contains DNA. Serves as the control enter of the cell What are chromosomes? organized form of DNA in a cell What are genes? sections of a chromosome that determine what proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes What transfers the information from the DNA to the ribosomes? Messenger RNA Where is RNA made? nucleolus What are ribosomes? tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins. Where are ribosomes located? the rough ER What is the purpose of the rough/smooth ER? after proteins are assembled, they are modified and transported by the eR. The smooth ER also synthesizes lipids What is the cytoplasm? fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles outside of the nucleus What is the golgi complex? made up of flattened sacs called cisternae. Responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the ER altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell. What are lysosomes? produced by the golgi complex, they are a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids What is tay-sachs? when a normally present digestive enzyme is lacking that causes a topic lipid in the brain to build up resulting in intellectual disability and death What are the protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells? microtubules- hollow cylinders that are involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division and the structure of cilia and flagella; microfilaments - solid, flexible fibers made up of two intertwined polymer chains of actins. What is the fluid-mosaic model? proposes that the membrane is a phospholipid bi-layer in which proteins are either partially or entirely embedded like tiles in a mosaic picture. What are the two primary components of a membrane? lipids and proteins what are amphipathic phospholipids? The most common lipid in a membrane that arranges themselves so the hydrophilic layer faces out and the hydrophobic layers face in (lipid bi-layer) Where are peripheral proteins located on a membrane? only on the inner or outer surfaces of the membrane while integral proteins are firmly bound within the membrane What is selective permeability? only allows certain materials to pass in one direction What are the three methods of crossing a selectively permeable membrane? diffusion, active transport, special methods of endo/exocytosis What is diffusion? Molecules move from an area of high concentration on one side to an area of lower concentration on the other side (passive transport) What is osmosis? the diffusion of water What is isotonic v hypertonic v hypotonic? isotonic refers to equal amounts of solute on either side of a membrane, hypertonic means that water flows out of the cell and it will shrink when there is more solute outside of the cell, hypotonic means that inside has a greater concentration than outside so water swells the cell and can burst What is facilitated diffusion? diffusion of lipid insoluble molecules across a membrane What is active transport? ions pumped against the concentration gradient, requires energy What is exocytosis? when a molecule is enclosed inside the membrane of a vesicle that fuses out of the membrane ejecting the molecule. What is phagocytosis? once a cell is enclosed in a vesicle, it fuses with lysosomes inside the cell and is digested. What is pinocytosis? endocytosis of tiny droplets of fluid, the cell membrane pinches inward without needed to extend pseudopods to ingest material What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? Receptor proteins bind with a signaling molecule sent from another cell, Results in the activation of enzymes to catalyze the release of ATP that powers structural changes in a cell. What happens to the soft palate during swallowing? the upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing T/F? The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP false - atp T/F? Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. True T/F? exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside of the cell false T/F? Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins True T/F? Endocytosis is a passive process, it does not require cellular energy expenditure False Air and food pass in which of the following areas? oropharynx Be able to label respiratory system see image From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop gastric/stomach ulcers. Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining. Be able to label digestive system see image Describe parietal and chief cells: name their location, secretion, purpose parietal cells: located in the wall of the stomach body, secrete HCl acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. The very acidic pH kills much of the bacteria ingested along with food and it also stops the activity of salivary amylase. This is also necessary to activate pepsin. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen which is a preenzyme secreted by the cief cells int he stomach. HCl acid converts an inactive pepsinogen into an active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins Be able to label skeletal system see image Be able to label carpals/metacarpals see image