BIOD 151 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS, 346 QUESTIONS TO PREPARE FOR YOUR FINAL EXAM. A+ GUARANTEE.

BIOD 151 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS, 346 QUESTIONS TO PREPARE FOR YOUR FINAL EXAM. A+ GUARANTEE. Anatomy Structure of the body Physiology How the body functions Atoms Smallest building blocks of matter Cell Smallest units of living organisms Organism A living thing composed of organ systems Epithelial tissue - Covers body surfaces and lines the cavities of the body - Specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption - Closely packed cells w/ little matrix Muscle tissue Specialized contractile tissue that enables us to move Connective tissue - Offers support and protection of body organs throughout the body - Includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments Nervous tissue Responsible for communication between the cells of the body Integumentary system Skin forms external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury Skeletal system - Acts as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs - Houses blood cells + stores minerals Muscular system Enables movement of the body Nervous system Important for internal communication among the cells of the body, as well as being able to detect external stimuli and communicate that to the brain Digestive system - Breaks down food into small molecules - Mouth -- esophagus -- stomach -- small intestine -- large intestine -- rectum Endocrine system Secrete hormones that go into the bloodstream and help regulate the reproductive system as well as the metabolism of the cells in the body Metabolism A set of chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable our bodies to function Glycolysis 6 carbon atoms -- 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP Citric acid cycle Pyruvic acid -- 2 ATP + electron carriers ETC Yields 36-38 ATP Cardiovascular system - Made up of the heart as well as the blood vessels that move blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body - Responsible for moving CO2 waste from the cells to the lungs so it can be expired, as well as moving nutrients to cells that it needs in addition to supplying cells with oxygen Lymphatic system Main job is to return excess fluid from cardiovascular system back to the heart, and to help fight off disease and provide immunity Respiratory system Involved in the excretion of the waste CO2 as well as keeping the blood supplied with oxygen Urinary system - Involved in excretion of waste from the body - Intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood - CV, digestive, and urinary system help to move nutrients and waste through the body, whereas the actual ability to remove waste from the body is carried out by digestive, urinary, and respiratory system Reproductive system - Involves cellular reproduction in which the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that are often used for body growth or repair - Controlled by hormones from endocrine system Superior/cranial Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body Inferior/caudal Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body Dorsiflexion Flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar joint Plantarflexion Flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar joint Pronation Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so the sole faces laterally Supination Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so the sole faces medially Anatomical position - Medical reference point of a standard body position - Eyes facing forward, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body - Bones in the forearm need to be uncrossed - Legs shoulder width apart, toes facing forward Axial Makes up axis of body and includes head, neck, and trunk Appendicular Everything attached to axial skeleton (arms, pelvis, legs) Sagittal plane Vertical plane that divides body into left and right sections Frontal (or coronal) plane Divides body into anterior and posterior sections Transverse (or horizontal plane) Divides body into superior and inferior parts Cross section Transverse section of the body Oblique section Cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes Dorsal cavity Protects the nervous system organs, which tend to be very fragile Cranial cavity Sits in the skull and houses the brain Spinal cavity Runs within the bony vertebral column and encases spinal cord Ventral body cavity Larger of the two cavities that houses the visceral organs Thoracic cavity - Upper portion - Protected by ribs and muscles found within the chest - Divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm - Consists of pericardial and pleural cavities Pericardial cavity - Surrounds the heart and encloses the thoracic organs, including esophagus and trachea - Located in the mediastinum abdominopelvic cavity contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities Abdominal cavity - Superior portion - Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver (organs are very vulnerable d/t no bone for protection) Pelvic cavity Housed inside bony pelvis (contains bladder, rectum reproductive organs) -- provides more protection than abdominal caivty Serous membrane Secrete fluid that helps organs move smoothly against each other Serosa Reduces friction between organs as they slide around Visceral Covers organ itself Parietal Found on outside layer Synovial cavity Joint cavities that enable bones to move freely against one another Cell theory Idea that cells are the basic units of life and function in all organisms and that all cells come from other cells Cytosol Fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles outside of nucleus and enables organelles to be held in place Plasma membrane - Must regulate passage of materials in and out of cell - Not a free-flowing structure -- there is a containment method that allows substances to move in and out of cell Cell size - As a cell expands, the amount of surface area relative to the volume decreases - Cell needs to have a lot of SA to be able to take in nutrients it needs and excrete wastes - The smaller cell is more active b/c relative to its volume, its SA is larger than a bigger cell - W/ a larger SA (relative to volume), this allows metabolic processes to occur faster Prokaryotic - Bacterial cells - Smaller - DNA not enclosed in nuclear membrane - Do not contain many of the internal membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotic - Plant, animal, human cells - Much larger - Possesses nuclear membrane that houses DNA - Contains membrane-bound organelles Botulism - Type of food poisoning that can lead to paralysis - Bacterium clostridium botulinum can form a dormant, extremely durable cell called an endospore Nucleus Contains DNA and serves as control center of the cell Nucleolus Center of the nucleus Chromosomes Organized or "packaged" form of DNA inside a cell Genes Portion of chromosomes or sections of nucleotide sequences mRNA DNA is copied in this form so it can leave the nucleus to make proteins rRNA Found in ribosomes and is synthesized in nucleus Ribosomes Tiny manufacturing plants that are responsible for assembling proteins Endoplasmic reticulum - Maze of tightly packed and flattened, sac-like structures that form interconnected compartments within cytoplasm - Extension of outer membrane of nucleus Rough ER - Portion with attached ribosomes - Proteins are modified and transported Smooth ER - No attached ribosomes - Responsible for synthesis of lipids - This is where cholesterol is formed Golgi complex - Responsible for receiving lipids and proteins from the ER, modifying & altering the structures, and shipping them to other parts of cell - Made up of cisternae Vesicles Enclosed sacs that form when portions pinch off the Golgi complex to be transported to other organelles within the cell or exported out of the cell Lysosomes Small sacs that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste products and harmful materials Tay-Sachs Genetic disease in which one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking -- toxic lipids in brain cells cannot be broken down -- resulting buildup of fluids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death Mitochondria - Responsible for converting chemical energy found in food to ATP - Bound by double membrane - Inner mitochondrial membrane possesses numerous folds that increase SA, allowing ample room for chemical rxns and enzymes required to transfer chemical energy in food into ATP Aerobic cellular respiration Using oxygen, cells make CO2, water, and ATP from glucose Microtubules Hollow cylinders involved in movement of chromosomes during cell division and the structure of cilia and flagella Cilia - Small, hairlike projections found on surface of some cells - Found along respiratory passageways for trapping and moving debris Flagella Long, whip-like structure that propels or pulls a single-celled organism through a watery medium; enables cells to swim MTOC