Chem 104 1st exam|Complete Questions with 100% Correct Answers
What are hybrid orbitals?
orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more orbitals on the same atom
What are the types of hybrid orbitals
SP- 2 regions of density
SP^2- 3 regions of density(3sp^2s)
SP^3- 4 regions (4 sp^3s)
What are the 4 types of hydrocarbons
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons
Alkane
a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds
Alkene
a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bond between a carbon
Alkyne
a hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple bond (between carbons)
aromatic
carbon ring
What are the hydrocarbon prefixes
1 C- methane (CH4)
2C- ethane (C2H6)
3c- Propane
4C- butane
5C pentane
6C hexane
7C heptane
8C octane
9C nonane
10C decane
Methyl
CH3-
Ethyl
CH3CH2-
,Propyl
CH3CH2CH2-
Butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2-
isopropyl
CH3CHCH3-
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
structural (constitutional) isomers
same molecular formula, different connectivity
How can you convert one structural isomer to another
Break and rejoin the atoms
When you have greater surface area what does that indicate about LDF
Greater surface area=greater LDF
Greater IMFs produce — boiling points
Greater
What are the 3 parts to a compounds name
Prefix|base|suffix
What substituents|how many C|family
How to name hydrocarbons
1.find longest continuous carbon chain. This is your base.
2.number the chain from end nearest the 1st substituent encountered
3.list substituent as a prefix along with numbers of carbons to which they're attached
4.if there are more than 1 type of substituents in the molecule, list them alphabetically
5.the presence of 2 or more of the same substituent is indicated by prefix (di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa)
Hydrocarbons
the simplest organic compounds, composed of only carbon and hydrogen
In alkanes what hybridization does carbon have
SP^3
noncyclic alkanes all have a formula of
, C(n)H(2n+2)
Nomenclature
Set of rules to allow for systematic and consistent naming of compounds
Nomenclature has 2 rules for naming alkanes
1.first identify the longest chain of carbon atoms in its structure (1:meth, 2:eth, 3:prop, 4: but, 5:pent, 6:
hex,7:hept, 8:oct, 9:non,10:dec)
2.add prefixes to the name of the longest chain to indicate positions and name of substituents
What happens if more than 1 type of substituent is present
When more than one substituent is present either on the same carbon atom or on different atoms the
substituents are listed alphabetically
How do you name an electronegative substituent
The ending o replaces -ide at end of naming en substituent
An ionic compounds the negatively charged ion ends with — in organic compounds. Such adults are
treated as substituents and ending — is used
Ide
O
Because the carbon atom numbering begins at the end closest to a substituent. The longest change of
carbon atoms is numbered how?
In such a way to produce the lowest numbers for substituents
How would you indicate the number number of substituents of the same type?
By using prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta, etc
alkyl group
An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed, e.g. CH3, C2H5; alkyl groups are often shown as 'R'.
tert-butyl
-C(CH3)3
Do alkyl groups exist as stable independent entities
No
When do unbranched chains exist
When no carbon atom is bonded to no more than 2 other carbons
How do you often name unbranched chains
Begin with the term normal or n-
What are hybrid orbitals?
orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more orbitals on the same atom
What are the types of hybrid orbitals
SP- 2 regions of density
SP^2- 3 regions of density(3sp^2s)
SP^3- 4 regions (4 sp^3s)
What are the 4 types of hydrocarbons
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons
Alkane
a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds
Alkene
a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bond between a carbon
Alkyne
a hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple bond (between carbons)
aromatic
carbon ring
What are the hydrocarbon prefixes
1 C- methane (CH4)
2C- ethane (C2H6)
3c- Propane
4C- butane
5C pentane
6C hexane
7C heptane
8C octane
9C nonane
10C decane
Methyl
CH3-
Ethyl
CH3CH2-
,Propyl
CH3CH2CH2-
Butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2-
isopropyl
CH3CHCH3-
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
structural (constitutional) isomers
same molecular formula, different connectivity
How can you convert one structural isomer to another
Break and rejoin the atoms
When you have greater surface area what does that indicate about LDF
Greater surface area=greater LDF
Greater IMFs produce — boiling points
Greater
What are the 3 parts to a compounds name
Prefix|base|suffix
What substituents|how many C|family
How to name hydrocarbons
1.find longest continuous carbon chain. This is your base.
2.number the chain from end nearest the 1st substituent encountered
3.list substituent as a prefix along with numbers of carbons to which they're attached
4.if there are more than 1 type of substituents in the molecule, list them alphabetically
5.the presence of 2 or more of the same substituent is indicated by prefix (di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa)
Hydrocarbons
the simplest organic compounds, composed of only carbon and hydrogen
In alkanes what hybridization does carbon have
SP^3
noncyclic alkanes all have a formula of
, C(n)H(2n+2)
Nomenclature
Set of rules to allow for systematic and consistent naming of compounds
Nomenclature has 2 rules for naming alkanes
1.first identify the longest chain of carbon atoms in its structure (1:meth, 2:eth, 3:prop, 4: but, 5:pent, 6:
hex,7:hept, 8:oct, 9:non,10:dec)
2.add prefixes to the name of the longest chain to indicate positions and name of substituents
What happens if more than 1 type of substituent is present
When more than one substituent is present either on the same carbon atom or on different atoms the
substituents are listed alphabetically
How do you name an electronegative substituent
The ending o replaces -ide at end of naming en substituent
An ionic compounds the negatively charged ion ends with — in organic compounds. Such adults are
treated as substituents and ending — is used
Ide
O
Because the carbon atom numbering begins at the end closest to a substituent. The longest change of
carbon atoms is numbered how?
In such a way to produce the lowest numbers for substituents
How would you indicate the number number of substituents of the same type?
By using prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta, etc
alkyl group
An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed, e.g. CH3, C2H5; alkyl groups are often shown as 'R'.
tert-butyl
-C(CH3)3
Do alkyl groups exist as stable independent entities
No
When do unbranched chains exist
When no carbon atom is bonded to no more than 2 other carbons
How do you often name unbranched chains
Begin with the term normal or n-
