BIOL 1020 Module 1 Study Guide Rated A

BIOL 1020 - Module 1 Study Guide Rated A+ Explain how evolution has led to both the unity and diversity of life forms Describe what genetic information consists of and how is it inherited Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as the basic units of life What is the common meaning of evolution? How is this different from the biological meaning of the word evolution? How did classification systems change after scientists accepted Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection? How does natural selection differ from evolution? How do DNA and other structures and processes in cells provide evidence that all organisms share a common ancestor? Identify evolution as the core theme and unifying concept in biology. Explain biological classification in terms of evolutionary history. Describe genetic drift Distinguish micro and macro evolution Mutation Our genes encode all the proteins necessary to make a human. T or F? Our DNA code contains large amounts of "non-coding" or "junk" sequences. T or F? The bigger the organism, the bigger the genome. T or F? Four nucleotides make up the whole of the genetic code. T or F? Which polysaccharides provide energy storage for plants and animals, respectively? Answers: A. starch and glycogen B. cellulose and chitin C. fructose and galactose D. glucose and peptidoglycan E. none of the answers are correct. Indicate which complex carbohydrate humans store as their primary energy source and by what process this polysaccharide (by catabolic reaction) is metabolized in humans. Answers: A. chitin, dehydration synthesis reaction B. glycogen, dehydration synthesis reaction C. peptidoglycan, hydrolysis D. glycogen, hydrolysis E. starch, hydrolysis DNA and RNA are made from building block called nucleotides. A nucleotide for use in RNA synthesis consists of which of the following general components? A. glucose, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group B. a ribose sugar and a nitrogenous base C. deoxyribose, a strong base and a phosphate group D. a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group What are the similarities and differences between a nucleotide used for RNA synthesis and a nucleotide that will be incorporated into DNA? both contain a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group, RNA - nucleotides contain a ribose sugar, while DNA-nucleotides contain deoxyribose. (Additional information could be that the deoxyribose sugar is lacking the hydroxyl-group present on the 2' carbon in ribose.) When referring to a single DNA strand, one often talks about the 5' and the 3' end of the DNA molecule. What do these numbers refer to? When DNA is synthesized, the new nucleotides are added to which side(s) of the DNA strand? Nucleic acids contain nitrogenous bases. Which of the following statements about these bases is not true? A All nitrogenous bases in DNA are pyrimidine or purine bases. B Adenine occurs in both DNA and RNA and is a purine base. C The pyrimidine bases thymine and cytosine have a two ring structure and are larger molecules than adenine and guanosine. D Uracil is a special pyrimidine base that replaces thymine in RNA molecules. E Inside a double stranded DNA molecule, the nitrogenous bases for either A and T, or C and G pair together. Each base pair contains a purine and a pyrimidine base. Most DNA molecules are present in the cell in double stranded form. Which of the following statements are correct? A The two DNA strands in a double helix each have a 5' and a 3' end. B. In doublestranded DNA the nitrogenous bases face the outside of the molecule. C The two 5' end and the two 3' ends of the two DNA strands are aligned, i.e. they are found on the same side of the molecule D Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases are used to link the two DNA molecules that make up doublestranded DNA. E The base pairs in doubles stranded DNA each contain a purine and a pyrimidine base. You have been given the sequence of a single DNA strand. Please write the sequence of the complementary strand into the box below clearly indicating the location of the 3' and 5' end as done for the sequence below. (Note - Because DNA is usually extended at the 3' end, the convention is to write DNA sequences in 5' to 3' direction. Please write the complementary DNA sequence for the DNA molecule shown above in 5' to 3' notation. ) Known sequence: 5'-ACCGTATG-3' Which components of a nucleotide make up the backbone of a DNA molecule? How many hydrogen bonds form between a base pair containing adenine and thymine? How is the way that a cell "reads" genetic information similar to the way that a person reads written English? Why is it so important that cells accurately process genetic information? What is the process by which copies of the code in a gene are produced (mRNA).