Clinical Pharmacology Chapter 4.100%GUARANTEED GRADE A+ ACCREDITED

Your patient has an order for 500 mg of amoxicillin. The pharmacy sends you 250-mg capsules. Using the dimensional analysis method, what is the correct number of capsules to give your patient? 500 x 1/250 = x 500/200 = x 2 = x The healthcare provider has ordered 0.5 g of amoxicillin oral suspension for your patient. The pharmacy sends you the drug with instructions stating that 1 teaspoon is equal to 250 mg. Using the fraction method, calculate how many teaspoons to give to your patient. 250 mg/ 1tsp = 500mg/x tsp 250x = 500x 2 tsp Brainpower Read More You are to give 180 mg of Lasix to your patient. You have received 40-mg tablets. Using the ratio method and proportion method, how many tablets do you give your patient? 40 mg: 1 tablet 180 mg: x tablets 40x = 180 180/40 = x 4.5 tablets Your patient needs 80 mg of lisinopril. The pharmacy has provided you with 20-mg tablets. Using all three methods (dimensional analysis, fraction, and ratio and proportion), how many tablets do you give to your patient? Dimentional analysis or Fraction method (Note: since you are not converting measures these methods are the same) 80mg/ x tablets = 20 mg/1 tablet 20x=80 x=4 tablets Ratio and Proportion method 80 x 1 = 20X x: 80 = 20x : x = 80/ 20 : x = 4 tablets What is the correct equipment to use in giving 80 units of insulin detemir? Use the corresponding 80-unit syringe How fast the IV infuses Flow rate (Total drops to be infused/ Flow rate) x 60 drops/hour Infusion time Number of drops used to make a mL of IV fluid Drop factor Drop factor X milliliters/ minute Flow rate Differs by manufacturer Drop factor Depends on the total number of drops, amount of fluid, and the number of minutes the IV is to flow Infusion time 10 drops/mL macrodrip 15 drops/mL macrodrip 20 drops/mL macrodrip 60 drops/mL Microdrip Used most often for children and elderly patients microdrip Used most often when faster infusion rates are needed macrodrip Amoxicillin, 500 mg, is a typical adult dosage. Using Clark's rule, what is the correct dosage for a 10-yearold boy who weighs 70 pounds? 500 mg 3 (70/ 150) 500 mg 3 (.47) 235 mg Drugs given directly into the GI tract Enteral drugs Drugs that must be shaken before administration Liquid-form oral drugs Drugs applied to the skin or mucous membranes (e.g., topicals, patches, and ear drops) Percutaneous route Method used to inject between the skin and the muscle layer Subcutaneous route Has two compartments that contain a sterile solution and a drug powder separated by a rubber stopper Mix-O-Vial Method that seals the injection site and prevents leakage of the drug Z-track technique Method used to inject between the upper two layers of skin Intradermal route Drug administration that bypasses the mouth by use of a tube that goes through nose and esophagus into the stomach Nasogastric tube Method used when the drug ordered may be destroyed by gastric enzymes Parenteral route Method used to deposit deep into the muscle mass Intramuscular route Before giving tablets or capsules, make sure the patient is able to do what? Swallow the pills To ensure a drug is evenly distributed throughout a liquid before giving, what must be done first? Shake the liquid after making sure the lid is tight on the bottle Why is insulin considered a high-alert drug? It can cause serious harm to a patient if given at too high or too low a dose When a patient is unable to swallow a tablet or capsule, why must you check with the pharmacist before crushing tablets or breaking capsules? Many drugs have special coatings that are essential for proper absorption. If they are broken, cut, crushed, or chewed, drug absorption can be so rapid that adverse effects are more likely What are some steps you can take to assist a patient who has difficulty swallowing the drug? 1. Have him or her take a few sips of water before placing the drug in the back of the mouth. 2. Follow with more water. 3. Help patients keep their heads forward while swallowing, as they do when they eat. Why should you give drugs separately through a nasogastric (NG) or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube? To avoid possible incompatibilities, tube blockage, or changes in the pharmacodynamics of the drugs When giving a drug subcutaneously, why should you avoid aspiration? To prevent bruising and other tissue damage The preferred IM injection sites are deltoid, vastus lateralis, and ventrogluteal muscles. Why is the dorsogluteal muscle NOT recommended? The presence of nerves and blood vessels in the area increases the risk for tissue damage When a patient is receiving intravenous drugs, what are some observations you should make to ensure the patient's safety? Signs of fluid overload (shortness of breath, edema)/ urinary output/redness, or swelling that may indicate infiltration/patient for signs of allergic reactions to any IV drug When giving topical or transdermal drugs, why should you avoid touching the drugs with your bare hands or fingers? To prevent absorbing the drug through the skin into your system Although many drugs are currently prepackaged at the correct dosage, what is at least one reason to know how to accurately calculate correct drug dosage? a. You need to ensure the pharmacy did not send you the incorrect dosage. b. The drug dosage ordered is not available in the pharmacy.* c. Patients may ask you to ensure the dosage is correct. d. Some institutions require that you show calculations have been made before giving the drug. b. The drug dosage ordered is not available in the pharmacy.* How does The Joint Commission, a nonprofit agency that credentials and certifies healthcare organizations, currently recommend that all drug dosages for children be calculated? a. Weight-based* b. Age-based c. Height-based d. Activity-based a. Weight-based* What is a major disadvantage of giving IV drugs that enter the bloodstream directly? a. Patients may experience discomfort being attached to an IV. b. IV administration requires more time in monitoring the patient. c. IV administration of a drug is often more complex, and there is more possibility of an error in dosages. d. The potential for adverse events from allergic reactions to death is higher. d. The potential for adverse events from allergic reactions to death is higher.* Which of the following is a basic guide for giving any type of drug to your patient? a. Always wash your hands before giving a drug to avoid contamination. b. You should always recap syringes after giving a patient an injection. c. Unwrap and remove drugs from containers before you are with the patient. d. If the patient is sleeping or otherwise engaged, leave the drug with the patient to take at his or her convenience. CONTINUED....