NUR 2063 Pathophysiology
Exam 1/Latest Update/226
Questions with 100% Correct
Solutions/2024/Verified
What is Pathophysiology - -is the study of what happens when the
normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease
process of the human body.
-What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - -Etiology, Pathogenesis,
Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
-What is etiology - -study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes
Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
-What is pathogenesis? - -development or evolution of disease from
initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
-What are clinical manifestations? - -Signs and symptoms of disorder.
-What are treatment implications? - -Which combine the etology,
pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best
treatment of condition per individual.
-What are signs? - -Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
-What are symptoms? - -Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
-What is objective data - -What you observe and can measure.
-What are examples of objective data? - -rash, low blood pressure,
bleeding
-What is subjective data? - -What the patient may report to you
-What are examples of subjective data? - -pain scale, they feel suicidal,
fatigued.
-What is epidemiology? - -study of the patterns of disease involving
populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
-What are the levels of disease prevention? - -Primary, Secondary,
Tertiary
-Explain Primary Prevention - -"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or
reducing exposure of disease for people.
,-Examples of Primary Prevention - -Vaccinations and Handwashing
-Explain Secondary Prevention - -"Screening"; early detection,
screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it
spreads
-Examples of Secondary Prevention - -PAP smears for STDs, lab work for
HBA1C check, mammogram
-Explain Tertiary Prevention - -"Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the
condition
-Examples of Tertiary Prevention - -Rehab for hip surgery, relearning
ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure
ulcers.
-What is homeostasis? - -a state of equilibrium in which all body
systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in
functioning. Stable.
-What is allostasis? - -ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is
not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis.
Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
-Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - -alarm, resistance,
exhaustion
-Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - -Where the
sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight
responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee
or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in
this stage to give the organs energy to work.
-Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - -the
activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine
system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately
adapt to the stressor.
-Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - -Occurs
when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body
can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to
stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead
to disease or death.
-What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from
general adaptation syndrome? - -disease can occur physically and
mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection,
and heart disease.
, -Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation
syndrome - -Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic
hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
-Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - -
activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic
hormone.
-Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - -helps to slow
down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body
for fight or flight.
-Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - -Stimulates the
fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the
lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to
let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
-Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - -released by ACTH
reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to
increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune
system.
-Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - -
Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of
airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
-Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response
- -Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction,
decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action.
-role of nucleus - -control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are
stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more
(liver cells), or none (RBCs).
-role of mitochondria - -Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP,
and has its own set of DNA.
-Role of ribosome - -produces RNA to produce proteins through
transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be
floating or attached to the Rough ER.
-Role of lysosomes - -helps breakdown and digest dead cells,
organelles, or tissues.
-Role of rough ER - -folded membranes that move proteins around the
cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell
membranes.
Exam 1/Latest Update/226
Questions with 100% Correct
Solutions/2024/Verified
What is Pathophysiology - -is the study of what happens when the
normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease
process of the human body.
-What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - -Etiology, Pathogenesis,
Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
-What is etiology - -study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes
Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
-What is pathogenesis? - -development or evolution of disease from
initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
-What are clinical manifestations? - -Signs and symptoms of disorder.
-What are treatment implications? - -Which combine the etology,
pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best
treatment of condition per individual.
-What are signs? - -Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
-What are symptoms? - -Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
-What is objective data - -What you observe and can measure.
-What are examples of objective data? - -rash, low blood pressure,
bleeding
-What is subjective data? - -What the patient may report to you
-What are examples of subjective data? - -pain scale, they feel suicidal,
fatigued.
-What is epidemiology? - -study of the patterns of disease involving
populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
-What are the levels of disease prevention? - -Primary, Secondary,
Tertiary
-Explain Primary Prevention - -"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or
reducing exposure of disease for people.
,-Examples of Primary Prevention - -Vaccinations and Handwashing
-Explain Secondary Prevention - -"Screening"; early detection,
screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it
spreads
-Examples of Secondary Prevention - -PAP smears for STDs, lab work for
HBA1C check, mammogram
-Explain Tertiary Prevention - -"Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the
condition
-Examples of Tertiary Prevention - -Rehab for hip surgery, relearning
ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure
ulcers.
-What is homeostasis? - -a state of equilibrium in which all body
systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in
functioning. Stable.
-What is allostasis? - -ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is
not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis.
Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
-Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - -alarm, resistance,
exhaustion
-Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - -Where the
sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight
responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee
or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in
this stage to give the organs energy to work.
-Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - -the
activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine
system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately
adapt to the stressor.
-Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - -Occurs
when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body
can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to
stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead
to disease or death.
-What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from
general adaptation syndrome? - -disease can occur physically and
mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection,
and heart disease.
, -Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation
syndrome - -Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic
hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
-Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - -
activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic
hormone.
-Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - -helps to slow
down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body
for fight or flight.
-Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - -Stimulates the
fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the
lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to
let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
-Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - -released by ACTH
reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to
increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune
system.
-Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - -
Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of
airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
-Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response
- -Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction,
decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action.
-role of nucleus - -control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are
stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more
(liver cells), or none (RBCs).
-role of mitochondria - -Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP,
and has its own set of DNA.
-Role of ribosome - -produces RNA to produce proteins through
transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be
floating or attached to the Rough ER.
-Role of lysosomes - -helps breakdown and digest dead cells,
organelles, or tissues.
-Role of rough ER - -folded membranes that move proteins around the
cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell
membranes.
