Saylor Academy
Psych101(2024)/Questions and
Answers/Guaranteed Pass
Eugenics - -The science of improving a human population by controlled
breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable
characteristics. Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of
improving the human race, it fell into disfavor only after the perversion
of its doctrines by the Nazis.
-Genomic imprinting - -Phenomenon by which certain genes are
expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited
from the father is imprinted, it is thereby silenced, and only the allele
from the mother is expressed. If the allele from the mother is imprinted,
then only the allele from the father is expressed.
-Functionalism - -Suggests that cognitive processes were governed by
the function of the mind; focused on the utility of consciousness and
considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the
person's environment.
-Structuralism - -Theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm Wundt
and his mentee Edward Bradford Titchener which attempted to
understand the mind as the sum of varying underlying parts. Proposes
that consciousness is best understood through the systematic study of
the anatomy of the brain
-Developmental noise - -A concept within developmental biology in
which phenotype varies between individuals even though both the
genotypes and the environmental factors are the same for all of them;
human fingerprints provide a well-known example; the fingerprints differ
even between genetically identical human twins.
-Gene-environment interaction - -Genes are not "set in stone; the
expression of genes in an organism can be influenced by the
environment, including the external world in which the organism is
located or develops, as well as the organism's internal world, which
includes such factors as its hormones and metabolism.
-Polygenic - -Traits that are controlled by multiple genes and/or
influenced by the environment, such as height, skin color, eye color,
weight
-Pure experiment - -Type of experimental design thought to be the
most accurate type of experimental research. Also thought to be the
only experimental design that can establish cause and effect
relationship. Three criteria must be met in a true experiment: 1) Control
, group and experimental group, 2) Researcher-manipulated variable, 3)
Random assignment
-Nature vs. Nurture Debate - -The nature vs. nurture debate is an
ongoing one. The modern debate often centers around the effect genes
have on human personalities as opposed to the influences that early
environment and development might have.
-Negative correlation - -When two variables have an inverse
relationship; as one variable increases, the other decreases.
-Psychoanalysis - -Aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the
interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and
bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by
techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.
-Cognitivism - -Study focusing on mental processes, including how
people perceive, think, remember, learn, solve problems, and direct
their attention to one stimulus rather than another. Psychologists
working from a cognitivist perspective, then, seek to understand
cognition.
-Q: What famous psychologist decided nearly 100 years ago that
psychology should be defined as the scientific study of behavior? - -
Watson
-Q: Schizophrenia is a mental illness which - -Affects about 1% of the
population
-Q: A study of how adults respond to a new therapy has a group with
the new therapy fully implemented, a group with the new therapy
partially implemented, a group with the new therapy not implemented
at all, and a group considering implementation of the new therapy.
Which group would be best described as the control group? - -Group
with the new therapy not implemented at all
-Q: Considering a correlation represents a relationship between two
variables, which phrase best exemplifies a negative correlation (i.e.,
variables move in different directions)? - -An individual's level of stress
and his or her degree of psychological well-being
-Q: What essential feature distinguishes a pure experiment from other
types of studies? - -A pure experiment is a study in which an
independent variable is intentionally manipulated.
-Q: The best way to explain the complex gene-environment interaction
is with the concept of... - -Nature vs nurture
-Q: Which statement regarding heritability coefficients is correct? - -
Heritability coefficients tend to oversimplify genetic influence.
Psych101(2024)/Questions and
Answers/Guaranteed Pass
Eugenics - -The science of improving a human population by controlled
breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable
characteristics. Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of
improving the human race, it fell into disfavor only after the perversion
of its doctrines by the Nazis.
-Genomic imprinting - -Phenomenon by which certain genes are
expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited
from the father is imprinted, it is thereby silenced, and only the allele
from the mother is expressed. If the allele from the mother is imprinted,
then only the allele from the father is expressed.
-Functionalism - -Suggests that cognitive processes were governed by
the function of the mind; focused on the utility of consciousness and
considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the
person's environment.
-Structuralism - -Theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm Wundt
and his mentee Edward Bradford Titchener which attempted to
understand the mind as the sum of varying underlying parts. Proposes
that consciousness is best understood through the systematic study of
the anatomy of the brain
-Developmental noise - -A concept within developmental biology in
which phenotype varies between individuals even though both the
genotypes and the environmental factors are the same for all of them;
human fingerprints provide a well-known example; the fingerprints differ
even between genetically identical human twins.
-Gene-environment interaction - -Genes are not "set in stone; the
expression of genes in an organism can be influenced by the
environment, including the external world in which the organism is
located or develops, as well as the organism's internal world, which
includes such factors as its hormones and metabolism.
-Polygenic - -Traits that are controlled by multiple genes and/or
influenced by the environment, such as height, skin color, eye color,
weight
-Pure experiment - -Type of experimental design thought to be the
most accurate type of experimental research. Also thought to be the
only experimental design that can establish cause and effect
relationship. Three criteria must be met in a true experiment: 1) Control
, group and experimental group, 2) Researcher-manipulated variable, 3)
Random assignment
-Nature vs. Nurture Debate - -The nature vs. nurture debate is an
ongoing one. The modern debate often centers around the effect genes
have on human personalities as opposed to the influences that early
environment and development might have.
-Negative correlation - -When two variables have an inverse
relationship; as one variable increases, the other decreases.
-Psychoanalysis - -Aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the
interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and
bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by
techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.
-Cognitivism - -Study focusing on mental processes, including how
people perceive, think, remember, learn, solve problems, and direct
their attention to one stimulus rather than another. Psychologists
working from a cognitivist perspective, then, seek to understand
cognition.
-Q: What famous psychologist decided nearly 100 years ago that
psychology should be defined as the scientific study of behavior? - -
Watson
-Q: Schizophrenia is a mental illness which - -Affects about 1% of the
population
-Q: A study of how adults respond to a new therapy has a group with
the new therapy fully implemented, a group with the new therapy
partially implemented, a group with the new therapy not implemented
at all, and a group considering implementation of the new therapy.
Which group would be best described as the control group? - -Group
with the new therapy not implemented at all
-Q: Considering a correlation represents a relationship between two
variables, which phrase best exemplifies a negative correlation (i.e.,
variables move in different directions)? - -An individual's level of stress
and his or her degree of psychological well-being
-Q: What essential feature distinguishes a pure experiment from other
types of studies? - -A pure experiment is a study in which an
independent variable is intentionally manipulated.
-Q: The best way to explain the complex gene-environment interaction
is with the concept of... - -Nature vs nurture
-Q: Which statement regarding heritability coefficients is correct? - -
Heritability coefficients tend to oversimplify genetic influence.
